once essential to have drains connected with the interior of 

 houses, and unless properly trapped, these drains form channels 

 for conveying bad gases into the houses. Now take the case of 

 water-closets within houses. The W.C. must have a drain, and 

 the best form to adopt is shewn on Fig. 3. A is the trapped pan 

 of the closet, B the outlet pipe inside the house, C the pipe out- 

 side ; at the junction of the pipes B and C, a pipe D is carried up 

 above the eaves of the roof, surmounted by a Boyle's Cowl, thus 

 all bad air is drawn off and discharged into the open air. Baths 

 and lavatories are other sources of difficulty, and should be treated 

 in the same manner as the W.C. It is a great mistake to make 

 the W.C. drain to serve for the bath and lavatory ; they should 

 have a separate connection. 



Next take the slopstone, over which so many women stand for 

 hours each day. Fig. 4 shews the best method of draining 

 slopstones, and of keeping out the sewer gas. A is the slop- 

 stone, B is the lead trapped pipe from the slopstone, cut off at 

 the outside of the house, and discharging on to a grid in the 

 slop trap C, which, as its name shews, is a "trap" connected 

 with the main sewer by the branch drain D. By this method 

 any gas that breaks through the trap discharges into the open 

 air and is lost, but what small volume of gas does get into the 

 lead pipe B is stopped by the trap in this pipe. If the rain 

 pipes before spoken of are connected with the branch drains 

 D just below the trap C, the back pressure causes the gas to be 

 driven up the rain pipe, reducing the pressure against the trap 

 to a minimum. Fig. 5 shews how slopstones in cellars are 

 to be dealt with. The lead trapped pipe A is formed to have a 

 branch leading both upward and downward directly behind the 

 trap A^; B the upward pipe, connects directly with the open air, 

 acting as ventUator, and often as a rain pipe ; C the downward 

 pipe leads direct to the sewer D which runs under the house. 

 Great care should be taken in laying this sewer D and indeed 

 every sewer inside a house, each joint should be laid in good 

 clay puddle or concrete so as to prevent the escape of sewer 

 gas, and where possible, ii-on pipes should be used. 



Another point to be carefully considered in constructing houses 

 is the ashpit. This should be placed as far away from the house 

 as possible, should be made water-tight, and should be emptied 

 at least every three weeks. Why ? Because at the end of about 

 three weeks putrifaction will have set in, and thus many bad 

 vapours wiU be given off which are dangerous to the health of 

 the town : the ashpit should be water-tight to prevent foul hquids 

 soaking into the ground and getting into the foundations of the 

 house. The reason for placing the ashpit as far as possible from 

 the house is apparent. There is yet another difficulty to be over- 

 come before we can get truly healthy dwellings, viz : damp cellars. 



