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and open balustrades. None of tlie old halls in onr neighbour- 

 hood are erected on the Italian type, so I do not propose to con- 

 tinue the historical part of domestic architecture further. 



Dr. Whitaker in his chapter on Domestic Architecture in the 

 History of Whalley divides the Mansions of our forefathers as 

 follows : — (1) The castle. (2) The castlet, peel or tower. (3) The 

 ancient unembattled manor house. (4) The greater or less 

 embattled mansion of Queen EUz. or Jas. I.— and adds (5) The 

 ordinary Hall Ho. (6) The farm house. (7) The cottage. 



(1) Of the Castle we have no example in the neighbourhood 

 except we go as far as Clitheroe. 



(2) The castlet, peel or tower. These were erected to protect 



the Lord of the Manor or considerable landowner, not 

 only from the incursions of the Scots who frequently pen- 

 etrated as far South as Clitheroe and Whalley, but also 

 from family feuds which frequently terminated in slaughter 

 — of this kind is the South wing of Towneley, with walls 

 6 ft. thick, and till lately furnished with the corbels of a 

 machicolation. 



(3) The Unembattled Manor House. These generally surrounded 



a quadrangle, and were defended by a moat which supplied 

 the want of strengtli in the walls and gates. We have 

 none of the exact type in our neighbourhood, Hoghton 

 Tower being the only specimen of true baronial residence 

 with upper and base court. 



(4) Embattled House of Elizabeth and James I. A house erected 



in tranquil times, built to be lived in and with but slight 

 reminiscences of days when the Englishman's castle was 

 his home rather than his castle — of this species our 

 neighbourhood furnishes a single but complete specimen 

 in Gawthorpe, which will be more fully described here- 

 after. 



(5) Ordinary Hall for the accommodation of the middle or lower 



rank of gentry. This type consisted in plan of a through 

 lobby with entrance porch, a large hall with a parlour on 

 cue side for the family, and a kitchen on the other for the 

 servants. Under this head, with more or less elaboration 

 according to size and importance, are classed the greater 

 number of the Halls in this district. 



(5) Farm House. The hall became the house which answered the 

 double purpose of kitchen and living room, the screen, the 

 speere and the parlour were reserved for special occasions. 



(7) The Cottage with one room on the ground floor which serves 

 as living room, kitchen, and bed-room, but oftener with 

 a small scullery in addition to the rear, and with one or 



