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Version of the Scriptures, or the English language of 1611, it 

 often has this meaning. In I. Kings, xvii., we read, " there was 

 no breath in him ; .... and the Lord heard the voice of 

 Elijah, and the soul of the child came into him again and he 

 revived." Now let us very especially mark this. In the original 

 physical sense of the word soul, all creatures whatever have 

 souls, inasmuch as they hve by inhalation or breathing ; so that 

 to be " a living soul " is nothing pecuhar to man, if we judge by 

 the words alone, without exploring their philosophy. The dis- 

 tinction apparently established by the words "living soul" in 

 the Bibhcal account of the creation of man and the brutes pre- 

 sents itself only in the translation. There is no such distinction, 

 we are assured, in the original, which in this instance applies 

 identically the same terms to man and brute. Each was made 

 " a living soul," only our translators have rendered the reference 

 to the brute creation (Gen. i. 21—24) 'living creature.' _ Either 

 word might legitimately be substitued for the other. It is amus- 

 ing, Mr. Leo Grindon very pertinently observes after stating 

 these facts, that while many have entrenched themselves in this 

 phase of " living soul," and found in it man's inalienable charac- 

 teristic, the exactly opposite conclusion has been arrived at by 

 some of those whose curiosity has led them to the original. 

 Both brutes and man being called " living creatures " or " living 

 souls," some have inferred that brutes are as immortal as man; 

 others that man is mortal as brutes. Let this argument be borne 

 clearly in mind, for it has an important bearing upon early 

 ecclesiastical teaching in relation to boggarts. " Ghost" shows 

 its physical meaning in the cognate word "gust," as " a gust of 

 wind ; " also in the term used to designate the aeriform substance 

 called "gas." In old German, the grandparent of English, 

 geisten, signified to blow. To ' give up the ghost," is literally 

 to surrender the breath ; the " Holy Ghost " is literally the 

 breath of the Lord as implied in his own words where we are 

 told " He breathed on His disciples and said, receive ye the Holy 

 Ghost." "Where the Enghsh version of the Scriptures has 

 "ghost" and "spirit," the Anglo-Saxon reads " gast." The 

 " gist " of a subject like the " spirit " of a book, or the animus 

 of an action, signifies its soul or inmost principle. "Spirit" 

 takes us to the very origin of words, resting on the beautiful hsp 

 or whisper with which the breeze quivers the leaves. Now, this 

 pecuhar movement, thus becomes an emblem or pictorial repre- 

 sentative of the wind, and thence of what the wind itself repre- 

 sents, namely. Life — life of man or beast on this side of the grave 

 or the other. All Hallows, All Souls, may have, therefore, meant 

 in the beginning of the ecclesiastical system the spirit of men 

 and beasts ahke. Passing on to the subject of 



