15 
1668, ‘‘ Campanalogia, or the Art of Ringing,” the first work 
ever composed on change-ringing. Lord Brereton, Sir Cliff 
Clifton and others founded the band of change ringers known as 
the Society of College Youths, which still exists in full vigour 
among us. It was to this society that Steadman presented in M.S. 
his arrangement for ringing the bells in musical order, known, 
after the composer, as Steadman’s principle. This principle the 
society first applied to the bells of St. Benet’s, Cambridge, and 
afterwards to the Church on College Hill, London, from which 
the society derived its name of College Youths, and which was 
destroyed in the great fire in 1666. In the reign of Charles II. 
round wheels were introduced, and the power thus conferred 
soon made it apparent that a series of bells might be rung in 
time and tune with musical effect. This fact led to the science 
of change ringing. The progress made from this point was very 
rapid. The art of ringing became a fashionable pursuit, and was 
cultivated with such marked success as to gain for our country 
the title of the ‘‘ Ringing Island.” 
“‘ Bell-metal is composed of copper and tin in the proportion of 
18 parts of the former to 4 of the latter. Founders add small 
quantities of other metals, varying with different firms. The 
worth of bell-metal at the present time, when copper is quoted 
at £4 3s. per cwt., and tin at £5 8s. per cwt., is about £4 10s. 
per cwt. The cost of casting is half that amount. An ordinary 
peal of 6 bells weighs about 44 cwt. A complete octave, such 
as that of St. Peter’s, Burnley, which weighs 72cwt., (the tenor, 
i.e., the largest bell, being nearly 17cwt., and the treble, i.e., 
the smallest, being nearly 6cewt.), is approximately worth £500. 
The new peal at Holy Trinity Church, Habergham Eaves, weighs 
55ewt., the tenor and treble being respectively 1l4cwt. and 
4icwt. ‘Lhe estimated cost is £370, in addition to carriage, &c., 
which brings the cost up to £560. The St. Peter’s peal was put 
up by Mr. 'T. Mears, of Whitechapel, one of our most celebrated 
founders, in 1803. The Holy Trinity Church bells are by 
Gillett and Bland, Croydon, the makers of the clock and chimes 
at the Manchester Town Hall. The tenor, largest bell, is the 
key note of a major diatonic, i.e., the ordinary scale, and the 
other bells form the successive notes ot the ascending scale.” 
BELL FOUNDING. 
‘Bells are made much in the same way that other instruments 
are moulded, by getting a clay-model hardened to the exact 
shape and size of the inside of the bell, another to those of the 
outside, and letting the molten metal run from the top into the 
space left between them. More in detail, the process is com- 
monly this: A stake is placed upright in a large pit; a cone of 
bricks is built around it and covered with soft clay. Sometimes 
an iron cone is used in place of the brick. The clay is moulded 
