16 
to the form of the inside of the bell by means of a wooden frame 
revolving on the post, and called a sweep or crook. The clay is 
then hardened by fire placed within the cone. The dried clay, 
now called core, is greased and sprinkled with tan to prevent 
anything adhering, and covered with a powdery clay to about 
the thickness to be occupied by the intended bell. This triable 
clay is trimmed to the size and form of the outside of the bell 
by means of another revolving sweep or crook. The surface is 
then covered with well tempered clay, held more tenaciously 
together by hair, or hay, and sometimes iron bands worked in, 
and hardened by fire as before. This outside hardened clay, 
styled cope, becomes sufficiently solid to be lifted up in one mass 
by means of a crane. The powdery clay around the core is 
scraped carefully off, and the cope let down again. A hollow is 
now left between the outside cope, and the inside core. The 
molten metal is let flow in from above to fill up the space, 
which, of course, exactly forms the bell, except for the head 
fittings, which are added afterwards. An iron cope is now fre- 
quently employed, its inner surface being covered with clay, 
which is shaped by an inside sweep to the form of the exterior 
of the bell. In this case there is no friable clay to be knocked 
away. After some days allowed for cooling the cope is taken 
from the outside and the bellraised aloft. Itis tested by tapping 
to see if it is without flaw and of the precise pitch required. The 
frame-work for its manufacture has been calculated to secure 
this latter condition, but in case it should be too sharp a little of 
the surface is taken off the inside of the sound bow by means of 
a revolving shutter. This scraping enlarges the circumference, 
and therefore depresses the note. If the bell, on the other hand, 
is flat, the note is raised by cutting round below the rim so as to 
reduce the diameter of the bell at the mouth. In mathematical 
phraseology the pitch of the bell varies directly as the square of 
the thickness and inversely as the diameter. The note can 
therefore be raised by increasing the thickness of the bell or 
decreasing the diameter. If the same proportion between the 
thickness and the diameter be kept to in the case of each bell of 
an octave the diameters of the bells will be in the proportion of 
60, 534, 48, 45, 40, 36, 82, 80, which represent the proportionate 
length of the waye sound in the several notes of the ordinary 
ascending scale.” 
‘‘Bells are usually adorned with one or more inscriptions of the 
following nature—(1) the name of the bell, (2) the name of the 
founder, churchwarden, or donor, (8) the founder’s crest or 
trade-mark, (4) a distinctive motto.’”’ The Lecturer gave many 
instances of such mottoes. Among them were the following bad 
examples : 
