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factories and on the railways, the poor wages of the working 
women, and the starvation amongst the children of the Board 
Schools, &c. He instanced the tract to show that Socialism 
there used was not a definite system of reconstruction, so much 
as a protest against the present system. Mr. Hyndman said 
Socialism lived by preaching discontent, so that it was destructive 
and not constructive. It pointed to the disease and took it for 
granted that Socialism was the remedy. Socialism again was 
called the economics of the suffering classes, the economics of 
Democracy. Mr, Hyndman’s definition of the subject was that 
it is an endeavour to substitute for the present anarchical fight 
for existence an organised co-operation for existence, which was 
to say that he was going to get rid of the perpetual warfare of 
our keen competition in the interests of the working classes. 
The keenness of that warfare lay in the divorce of the working 
classes from land and capital and so Socialism was further 
defined by others as an endeavour to terminate that divorce by 
the nationalisation of capital and labour. That led the lecturer 
to Schiffle’s definition of it, which he thought was the best. 
Schiffle said Socialism was associated production with a collec- 
tive capital with a view to an equitable distribution. Joseph 
Cook had given a blunt but not inaccurate definition of the term 
as “the State ownership of all wealth and the State control of 
all labour with a view to State distribution of all produce.” He 
came finally to Karl Marx's definition, who holds that it must be 
international and consequently defined it as ‘the supercession 
of existing governments by a vast international combination 
of the workers of all nations and all creeds.” Mr. Carey then 
traced the development of the Socialistic idea from Robert Owen 
and St. Simon, who left one great seminal idea in the soil of 
men’s minds which was to grow into the whole vast tree of 
socialism. He said the key note of the past had been the 
exploitation of man by man, but the key note of the future must 
be the exploitation of the Globe by man associated to man. 
Lassalle, whose chief work was in Berlin, had said that it was 
in Germany that the movement was to spread its roots. In 
Germany, in 1871, the Social Democrats only polled 6,659 
votes ; in 1887, in the last election for the Reichstag they polled 
93,000 in Berlin alone, and in Hamburg, 51,000. Why had it 
spread so rapidly in Germany? He imagined it was partly 
a protest against the severe imperialism of Bismarck and partly 
because the Germans had been taught to imagine that the State 
was omnipotent. Karl Marx was the greatest ecouomist of 
Germany and he was impregnated with the Socialistic ideas. 
Marx who was a man of immense learning and stiict scientific 
genius was a great developer and champion and apostle of the 
movement, and he said that it urged on one vast international 
