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INDIA AND CEYLON (Illustrated). 
By ARTHUR APPLEBY, J.P. February 25th, 1890. 
Mr. Appleby disclaimed any intention of touching upon those 
difficult problems of government and political power which 
were at present agitating the minds of a small, but very active 
section, of people in India. He intended rather to speak of the 
country, the landscape, the trade, the impressions which the 
social life of the natives made upon him, as an independent, 
open-minded English traveller, seeking experience, instruction, 
and amusement in the far Hast. It was necessary for him to 
add that the main source of information open to travellers like 
himself was the study of the best English authors, and he desired 
to acknowledge his indebtedness to and the free use he had made, 
especially of the works of Sir John Strachey and Sir William 
Hunter, both of whom he considered were the best authorities 
on any Indian subject. Our Indian Empire, inclusive of 
Burmah, occupied some million and and a half square miles, and 
was inhabited by 250 million people—more than twice the 
population of the Roman Empire at the height of its power. 
One-fifth of the population still lived under the rule of the native 
princes, and were known as feudatory States. India was not a 
country in the sense in which one could speak of France or 
Germany as one. It was rather a continent like Europe. The 
various peoples of India have never fused as did the early and 
bitterly opposing settlers in these islands. There were no 
countries in civilised Europe whose people differed so widely as 
_did the timid Bengalee from the warlike Sikh. The language of 
Bengal would be as unintelligible in Lahore as in London, 
whilst the climatic differences were equally variable. It was 
essential that these facts should be understood and borne in 
mind, if they would understand how it was possible for our 
Indian Empire to be governed by such a small military force, so 
far from the centre of its Government. 
The people of British India might be divided into four great 
classes: The non-Aryans, the Aryans, the Hindus, and the 
Mohammedans. ‘The non-Aryans were the aborigines, and 
numbered about 18,000,000; the fair-skinned Aryans or 
Sanskrit-speaking people about 16,000,000; the great mixed 
population, known as Hindus, about 120,000,000, and the 
Mohammedans about 45,000,000. The non-Aryans inhabited 
the country in pre-historic times, and were driven from the 
plains 3,000 years ago by the Aryan invaders. They were now 
found in the recesses of the mountains, and dwelling in caves. 
They were flat-faced and very dark, and showed distinct evidence 
