ee 
17 
has become more civilised. He has learnt how to erect rude 
dwellings and has abandoned the cave for a time. In the valley 
below a few huts are presently to be seen clustered together. 
They will afterwards be known by the name of Setl or Setel, 
meaning (in old English) that it is the seat or station of a tribe, 
but we have no clue as to the name of the people whose abode 
was fixed there. 
At the other side of the river may be found a small tarn or 
lake, and by its shores there is another small cluster of huts. 
In time, when it is found necessary to give distinctive names to 
places, this group of huts will be known as Gikel’s Wick, or the 
village of Gikel. The inhabitants maintain themselves in a great 
measure by the fruits of the chase, though one of them has with 
much trouble and labour made a canoe or boat, by the aid of 
which he is enabled to catch the fish that abound in the tarn. 
In time, however, his boat becomes useless, and is left to rot, 
and by the deposit of mud of the lake it is soon covered. Two 
thousand years afterwards, when the tarn has been drained and 
men are cutting deep ditches to still further improve the land, 
the labourers come across what seems to be a huge log of wood. 
They carefully remove it, and once more the old savage’s rude 
boat sees the light. It has been covered with five feet of earth, 
and is therefore in a good state of preservation, as this covering 
has protected it from the action of the wind and rain. And 
now we, the successors of the ancient inhabitants of the two 
clusters of huts, are enabled by the aid of photography to see 
what sort of a thing the canoe was. We find it was hollowed 
out of the trunk of a huge tree, probably an oak, which must 
have been four or five feet in diameter at least. It is about 
eight feet long, two feet broad and two deep; the ends are 
roughly and abruptly pointed and it is flat bottomed. And the 
most curious parts of the canoe are two wooden wings (one on 
each side) five or six inches broad, which are fastened to the 
sides by round plugs of wood; they probably served to steady 
the boat. Through that end of the boat which served as the 
stern, is a round hole through which it is conjectured a pole was 
thrust either to steer the boat by or paddle with. At the time 
when it was found, this hole was plugged up with a conical piece 
of wood. The canoe has evidently been made with great care, 
but by uncivilized people unacquainted with planes or sharp 
cutting instruments. The boat, in the course of drying, has 
cracked very much all over, but it remains one of the most 
perfect of its kind ever found in the North of England. It is 
now in the museum of the Leeds Philosophical Society. 
As the population of the neighbourhood increased and civiliza- 
tion advanced, the inhabitants in some degree betook themselves 
to the occupation of farming, and when times were bad and 
