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145 
RECENT WORK ON GLACIAL GEOLOGY IN 
AIREDALE, AND ITS BEARING ON 
THE BURNLEY VALLEY. 
(Wirs Lantern Views.) 
By J. MONCKMAN, D.Sc. Ist December, 1903. 

The Lecturer, who is one of the honorary members of the 
Club, spoke on the Geological work done by the Bradford Society, 
which had succeeded in getting some of its members ‘‘ enthused”’ 
with the subject. He said they might think that Manchester was 
more closely connected with Burnley than Bradford, but, 
Geologically, this was not the case. They were connected by a 
glacial river, which began near Burnley and went over Airedale 
into the Spen Valley, and his object in coming to Burnley was to 
get some of them to work out the course of the glacial river in the 
Burnley district. A very excellent Paper on the subject had beer 
read before their Society, and the work ought to be continued. 
In an interesting lesson on Glacial Geology, the Lecturer 
showed the method of glacial action, how the stones were’ 
seratched and polished and carried away as carefully as goods 
are carried on a railway—perhaps more carefully. At other 
times the glacial action would grind, or polish, or crush the 
stone to powder. Formerly it was supposed that a flood had 
done this, but no flood in creation ever carried stones along and 
ground them, and at the same time made grooves on them. 
Floods rounded the stones, but did not groove them. 
Dr. Monckman explained that glaciers were apt to crack, the 
stones would drop to the bottom, and then the glacier would 
close. The stone would thus be pushed on, and would become 
_ grooved with grinding over the foundation. Other stones, which 
did not go to the bottom, were not scratched. This had caused 
them to come to the conclusion that the greater part of the North 
of England had been at one time covered over with ice. 
A series of slides illustrated the formation of glaciers, 
murraines, how stones were carried, and terminai murraines, in 
some places forming a barrier across a valley. Some people 
thought the course of the boulder clay went over into the Spen 
Valley into Airedale, from near Colne. At one point it is 1,100 
feet high. When the ice began to melt, the water would flow 
