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down the side and fill up the little valleys, and find its way out. 
It would form little lakes and then try to get away. This had 
been proved, and there is evidence of lakes in all those little 
valleys, and of something more. There was a continuation, a 
valley without end, or a double-ended valley, that had not been 
cut by a river, and to which had been given the name of ‘ Col.” 
Evidence had been found of a number of lakes, and of ‘‘ Cols” 
at different heights, sueceeding each other to the Bradford valley, 
and over into the next valley. The ‘ Cols” at one end were 
highest, and decreased in height. As the ice fell further back he 
placed another series of ‘‘ Cols,” and marked on his map three 
series of these ‘‘ Cols.’’ By a series of drawings, the Lecturer 
illustrated the formation of those inter-glacial lakes, of which he 
had no doubt there were many in the Burnley Valley. Burnley 
was a most important place, as they would find out if they 
studied the ‘‘ Cols,’ and tried to fill up, in imagination, the ice, 
and make out how and where the water went. There was scope 
for work which, he thought, would be almost entrancing. When 
they had once begun the work they could not stop. It was easy 
work ; they had little to do but find a scratched stone or two, a 
bit of clay, and the height of the ‘‘ Cols.’’ They could, perhaps, 
get Mr. Wilmore to help them, and then he did not see why they 
should not solve the problem. Pointing to an outline map of 
Burnley with its ‘‘ Cols,” he said the water began to flow in the 
neighbourhood of Bouldsworth and Tum Hill, and no doubt 
helped to make some of these strange valleys. It went by 
“Cols” into the Spen Valley, Calder Vale, and then to Airedale. 
If they took a journey up the Todmorden Valley towards 
Yorkshire, they could not help being struck by the fact that it 
was a very deep and sharp valley. When they thought that the 
whole of the immense area of melting snow was being carried 
down that valley, they could imagine there was a cutting force 
which would produce something very peculiar. The Aire Valley 
was lifted up 100 feet by glacial material. The Todmorden 
Valley was cut down, and it could be explained in no other way 
than by these lakes cutting down and through in that way. 
Burnley abounded in glacial deposits. When the Grammar 
School foundations were dug, there was an immense quantity of 
limestone and boulders, and glacial material generally. The 
lakes he spoke of existed when paleolithic or neolithic men lived 
in this district. Many of the valleys were then lakes, approaching 
in beauty the Lake District. They had a beautiful district to go 
at, and plenty of work. Let one of their members lead them, 
then form a section, and begin the work. But they must do it 
directly, as he could tell them other people were going to do it if 
they did not, 
