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problem, society the medium of developing it.’ Earth and 
heaven were to him “ the lowest and the highest steps of the 
ladder of human progress,” for he held that ‘‘ man is placed 
upon earth not to vegetate, not to expiate, not to contemplate 
(merely), but to progress.”” Hence with the Young Italy 
Party the struggle against Austria and against the despotism 
and tyranny of the Italian rulers must be “‘ a Crusade, a holy 
war: the name of God must be upon our banners and govern 
our actions.” Their appeal to their fellow-countrymen must 
therefore be ‘‘in the name of God and humanity.” 
Believing in “the people bound together in brother- 
hood,” recognising ‘‘ neither castes nor privileges, save those 
of genius and virtue,” Mazzini aimed at political union and 
political liberty, so that his country could grapple with the 
problems of modern life, and solving them for herself present 
a solution to the world at large. Italy—politically free, 
physically and intellectually strong, morally healthy, was in 
his dream to conquer once again the known world in a far 
more glorious sense than of old. 
As to the precise means by which Italy, once free, was to 
accomplish the desired end he had no very clear vision, he was 
prophet and inspirer, rather than system maker and economist. 
His biographer (King) says of him: “‘ It was his great function 
to fertilise the moral soil, to inspire all classes with a deeper 
sense of social obligation, and thus to ease the road for social 
progress, whatever particular shape the circumstances of the 
time might counsel it to take.” But throughout his writings 
he insists on the necessity of education, and declares his belief 
that the emancipation of the workers from the tyranny of 
capital must come through “ voluntary association between 
workmen, substituted gradually and peacefully for individual 
labour paid for at the will of the capitalist.”” With him it was 
“not a question of destroying, abolishing, or violently trans- 
ferring wealth from one class to another,’ but of ‘“ putting 
capital and the instruments of labour within reach of every 
man offering a guarantee of goodwill, capacity and morality.” 
After further elucidating the main points in Mazzini’s 
teachings, and illustrating them by chosen extracts from his 
collected essays, especially “ Faith and the Future,” “‘ Carlyle,” 
“The duties of man,” ‘ Europe, its condition,” and “ From 
the Pope to the Council,” the essayist proceeded to sketch 
the later life of the great Italian. His life in London, and his 
friendship with the Carlyles, Joseph Toynbee, Geo. J. Holy- 
oake, Peter Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Stansfield and others were 
dwelt upon. Incidents showing Mazzini’s beauty and nobility 
of character-were related, and Carlyle’s tribute that Mazzini 
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