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WHITE CATTLE: AN INQUIRY INTO THEIR ORIGIN, ETC. 257 
and are akin to the large white oxen. with long horns wide apart, 
found in Italy south of the Po, also to the cream-coloured ox of 
Lombardy [Pl. VI.], and to oxen in Spain and Algiers. In ancient 
Rhetia, 7.c., modern Grisons, the Tyrol, and northern parts of 
Lombardy, we find to-day a tall, slightly-built breed of silver- 
grey horned cattle. From Columella and Pliny we learn that 
in Venetia and the Alpine districts a small insignificant race 
of cattle existed that were good milkers. 
In the Austrian-Hungarian Empire there are about 9 distinct 
races and 22 breeds of cattle at present recognised. About six of 
them are white or light yellowish-grey, but two of them—the 
Hungarian and Podolian breeds—are pure representatives of the 
original type. In colour they are generally white, shading to 
silver-grey. The ears are dark inside; muzzle and feet black. 
The horns of the Hungarian breed are long and wide-spreading, 
tipped with black, but carried uprightly. In the Podolian breed 
the horns are black, well turned up, and not extra long. The 
Transylvanian ox may be noticed, as it also is like the true 
Hungarian, but has more spreading horns. I have been favoured, 
through the kindness of the Secretary of the National Agricultural 
Society of Hungary, with an unique collection of photographs, 
fourteen in number, showing Hungarian white bulls, cows, and 
working oxen. With reference to these photographs, the 
Secretary writes me that all the animals were bred on ranges 
(Puszta) quite wild, their food being pasture only, except in 
winter time, when they get hay.! The breeding animals also 
get some grain. In the opinion of the National Agricultural 
Society's Secretary, this race is very strong, hardy, and 
contented, and, to use his own expression, “persistent against 
all pests.” The race is very good for farm-working, and for 
feeding up for beef, but the cows give little milk. There are two 
varieties of cattle or lines of breeding. The one is the race or 
breed of the great plains (Alféld), while the other is that of 
Transylvania. The former race is taller, but not so hardy as the 
1 These animals, before being broken in to work, are as wild as our park 
cattle. They hide their young, fight for leadership, the bulls give battle 
when surprised, and they cannot be approached by strangers, as they will 
attack them unless they are accompanied by their own herdman, who, like 
the cattleman of the West, lives in the saddle. 
