418 TRANSACTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 
not be noted in this list. Further, we are told that ‘oxen with 
straight hornes be accompted excellent in worke, and blacke oxen 
with lyttle hornes be accounted lesse profitable to working.” Here 
we note “blacke oxen” is a term employed witha wide general 
meaning, and that big-horned cattle were in request. In one of 
the editions of this book, ““Balman uppon Bartholome, his booke, 
De Proprietatibus Rerum 1582,” we obtain some examples of the 
use of the term ‘‘ wild.” ‘‘Some bulls be wilde, fierse, and sterne, 
| and those bulles be red in colour, . . . and may not 
be taken but in deepe pits and caves.” . . . ‘‘Cowe.—If they 
range without a Heard, they were wilde, so that Heardes maye 
not tame them,” . . . . ‘and kine lyue in companye, and 
be ofte lost, if they goe out of companye, for then wilde beasts 
eate them.” 
Bartholomew, who, as already noted, wrote in 1360, says that 
the German wild ox (the Urus) was in colour black or red, with 
long strong horns. Balman, writing in 1582, says there are no 
wild oxen. . The following are the two passages in question :—“ In 
Germania be wilde oxen with so long horns, that ye Kings. 
boord is served with drink thereof; for he holdeth so much, as 
Isi saith, and is a beast of great strength, and may not be tamed, 
but with an yron ring put through his nose-thrill, by the which 
ring he is led about; and is black or red, and is thin haired, 
with hornes; and his forhead is beclypped with full strong 
hornes, and his flesh is good not onely to meate, but also to 
medicine.” Tothis is added the following sixteenth-century 
editorial note by Balman :— 
*‘ Additio:—There are no wilde oxen, but either Bulls, Buffells, or 
females of that kind; this is a tame errour, the author meant the furious 
buffell of the greater kinde, called Uro or Tarando.” 
Tt will be seen from this that, in the sixteenth century at any 
rate, special meanings were attached to the words oxen, bulls, and 
buffells, and I gather that the term oxen was restricted to those 
animals that had their neck in the yoke. Yet other writers do 
not restrict the word oxen in this sense. In Zhe Countre Farme, 
published in 1600 (a translation of L’ Agriculiwre et Maison 
Rustique, published in 1593), we are told how “to imparke wild 
beastes,” and we read of ‘“ Buffles (buffaloes), wild oxen, and wild 
Bulls. We also read of “wilde cattell;” but this term includes 
