
WHITE CATTLE: AN INQUIRY INTO THEIR ORIGIN, ETC. 431 
they be not taken as final, for there may be some circumstance 
which I have overlooked that may lead me to alter these, yet I 
do not think they can or will be very materially changed. One 
point I would like to emphasize is that in such an inquiry as this 
regarding the origin and history of a race of cattle, my position 
must be that of a compiler dependent upon workers in departments 
of study far removed from each other, and without any special 
interest in cattle; so I have, therefore, to ask that those who can 
assist the inquiry, either by fresh data or constructive criticism, 
will do so. This paper must not be considered as final, or even 
as introductory, but simply as a preliminary collation of data. 
APPENDIX I. 
With reference to Italian cattle, Professor Italo Giglioli, of 
Portici, writes me that “it is very evident that very little is 
known regarding the history of the different breeds of Italian 
cattle ; these are, no doubt, the descendants of the ancient cattle 
of classical times, but the many invasions of barbarians during 
the downfall of the Roman Empire haye certainly mixed and 
modified the old breeds; and if we compare the paintings and 
sculptures still existing of ancient cattle with the modern Italian 
cattle, we find very many differences, granting that the ancient 
artists were faithful in their representations of animal life.” 
“Tn Tuscany to-day, I may add, we find five breeds of cattle, 7.e., 
the Chianina, Maremmana, Tiberina, Svizzera, and Montanina. 
The first three named are said to be descendants of the breed 
called Podolico or Pugliese, from Puglia, in the South of Italy. 
The Svizzera came from Lugano, in Switzerland, and the Mon- 
tanina are nondescript mountain cattle. 
“For many centuries the Val de Chiana (Tuscany) has been 
celebrated for its white cattle. The breed called Chianina, or Val 
de Chiana, are white in colour, with muzzle and tip of tail black ; 
the tongue dark ; ears flesh-coloured inside ; the horns long, fine, 
and black tipped. 
“The Maremmana breed are grey and white speckled in colour, 
and are found on the salt marshy plains of Volterra and the clays 
of Sienna. They are a working breed. The Tiberina breed differs 
little from above; and the Svizzera breed, black in colour, are 
H 
