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be considered conclusive. The first argument ‘‘ That Paulinus 
generally chose the banks of large rivers as the scene of his 
ministrations, in order that his converts might receive the 
ordinance of baptism, and that Whalley stands near to the con- 
fluence of the Ribble, the Calder and the Hodder”’ is certainly, taken 
upon its own merits, of little value. We arenext told ‘that there is 
a cross at Dewsbury, which is said to have borne the inscription 
‘Paulinus hic predicavit et celebravit,’ and that this cross re- 
sembled those at Burnley and Whalley.”” Now the existence of 
this inscription may well be doubted, the best and perhaps the 
only authority on the point being the following passage from his 
‘* Britannia” written by Camden about the end of the sixteenth 
century. ‘‘ For I have been informed that there was once a 
cross here, with this inscription ‘ Paulinus hic predicavit et 
celebravit,’ (that is, Paulinus here preached and celebrated.) 
Of this cross nothing now remains, either in sight or by tradition, 
but that this Paulinus was the first Archbishop of York about 
A.D. 626, we are assured by the concurring evidence of our his- 
torians.” It appears then that even in Camden’s time the in- 
scription had disappeared, but presuming that the inscription 
once existed, the remains of what is supposed to be the original 
cross which have lately been discovered, are of such a frag- 
mentary nature that no deductions of a satisfactory character 
can be made to confirm the theory of the similarity of 
form with those at Burnley and Whalley. In fact all inferences 
to be drawn from the general contour and ornamentation 
of these crosses seem to point in quite another direction. Be- 
yond this, as pointed out by the Rev. R. Waddy Moss in a paper 
read before this club, ‘“‘ Though there is no more difficult task in 
early English history than that of determining the exact boundaries 
of the various kingdoms, Deira does not appear in Edwin’s reign, 
to have extended farther westwards than the range of hills that 
now separate Lancashire and Yorkshire. Forthe battle of Chester 
did not result in the permanent addition of Cheshire and Lan- 
cashire to Northumbria, but those counties seem to have been 
quickly recovered by the British. Still further if Paulinus had 
ever attempted to cross the western limits of Deira, he would 
have found a people to whom he would be doubly unwelcome. 
For whilst his connection with Edwin would ensure him perhaps 
a careful treatment, it would certainly be a treatment of avoid- 
ance and suspicion, and as a member of the Augustinian mission, 
the enmity of the British clergy would naturally pursue him, 
hinder his success, and drive him quickly back to minister to an 
Anglo-Saxon population.” It seems necessary then to find some 
more satisfactory explanation of the circumstances under which, 
these crosses were erected. In the ‘‘ De Stutw Blagborneshire ”’ 
there is probably a nucleus of truth which can be accepted, 
