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namely, that the crosses commemorate the introduction of 
Christianity into this district, and though we concur with Dr. 
Whitaker in his non-acceptance of the statement relating to 
Augustine, still it has been shewn that the hypothesis with 
regard to Paulinus is scarcely tenable, and we must seek some 
other solution of the difficulty. 
It will be remembered that the British were driven 
by the Saxon invasion to the western parts of the island, 
and their Church having become allied with the Ivish and 
Scotch Churches, the three were spoken of collectively as 
the Celtic Church. This Church had several points of difference 
with the Mission of Augustine, one of which was the time 
for observing Easter, in which they adhered to the Alexan- 
drian rule, and another was the method of wearing the hair. 
(In these matters the Celtic fraternity display their connection 
with the Kastern Church. The Eastern clergy were accustomed 
to shave the entire front of the head, leaving the hinder part 
untouched. The Italians shaved their heads according to the 
tonsure of St. Peter, which consisted of a circle of hair round 
the shorn head.) The Celtic Church was eventually fused in the 
Italian but not without a long struggle. At the time we are now 
speaking of, the Celtic held aloof from the Italian Chuch. The 
head quarters of the Celtic Church were at Iona. ‘In the year 
565, says Dr. Hook, Columba crossed from Ireland in a boat 
made of ox-hides and fixed his residence in the little island of 
Hy. Here he was surrounded by men of learning who, while 
seeking the edification and sanctification of their own souls, never 
forgot the command of the great Captain of their Salvation to 
preach the gospel to every creature, and from an assemblage of 
lowly structures, formed of rough hewn wood, thatched with 
reeds, a monastery arose. In this retreat the Holy Scriptures 
were diligently studied and books were multiplied by transcrip- 
tion. They conducted their mission not only by sending out 
preachers from their own body, but by placing similar fraternities 
in different parts of the country, thus providing for their convents 
a continued supply of the means of instruction and grace.” The 
sanctity of Iona has been immortalized in that sentence of Dr. 
Johnson's, ‘“‘ We are now treading that illustrious island which 
was once the luminary of the Caledonian regions. That man is 
little to be envied whose patriotism will not gain force on the 
plains of Marathon, or whose piety will not grow warmer among 
the ruins of Iona.’’ 
To the efforts of the Celtic missionaries is due the evangeli- 
zation of the whole of the north-western parts of this island, and 
the theory that the crosses at Burnley and Whalley commemorate 
the visits and labours of these devout men is much more to be 
eredited than the one which attributes them to Paulinus. The 
