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4th. The scavenging of the town should be thorough, a code 
of good sanitary laws should be enacted and enforced, and an 
effective sanitary inspection should be maintained. 
What is sewage? It is commonly understood to mean the 
foul fluids that are conveyed by sewers, and which vary in their 
offensive character. For the purposes of this paper I shall take 
it to mean any substance, liquid or solid, which may be passed 
into and conveyed away by any of the various systems described. 
Removaut or SEWAGE. 
The methods in use for the removal of sewage may be divided 
under three general heads :-— 
1st.—Sewage interception systems, or dry-sewage processes. 
2nd.—Pneumatic systems. 
3rd.— Water carriage system. 
Srwace Interception Systems. 
InTERCEPTION as applied to drainage, &c., means the exclusion 
of all fecal matters from the sewers, they being used only for 
the removal of surface water and slops, with or without the 
admixture of urine. All interception systems partake of the 
nature of scavenging, as they all contemplate the removal of 
sewage by manual and team labour. 
The oldest of these systems is the open privy vault and cess- 
pool. Although dying out, this system cannot be too strongly 
condemned, as its avowed intention is the retaining of all solid 
matters on the premises as long as possible, until they become 
centres of pollution and infection. The liquid parts escape 
through the walls and pollute the soil and neighbouring wells, 
while the foul gases arising from the contents of the cesspool con- 
taminate the air. I think all will agree with me when I condemn 
as totally unfit for use the old system of the open cesspool and 
privy vault. The sooner these are all removed from our towns 
the better. 
Of the improvements on the methods of interception, I shall 
notice two, viz., 
Ture Par System anp Tue Kartu Croser. 
Tue Pam System consists of the use of small movable tubs 
placed beneath the privy seat, and which act as receivers instead 
of the permanent vault. At its commencement the method with 
this system was to empty the contents of the pail or tub into a 
cart sent round for the purpose and replace the tub, but latterly 
the method is to have two tubs, and when the full one is removed 
a clean tub is left in its place. The full tub is put into a closed 
van or cart and conveyed to the sewage works, emptied and 
cleaned, and is again ready for use. No dry ash or rubbish is 
allowed to be placed in this tub, but must be put into some other 
receptacle. 
