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of places we often find a Celtic prefix joimed with a Saxon affix, 
both words having the same meaning. For instance, Pendle 
Hill—Pen (Celtic) hill, and dle, a phonetic change of hill—so 
that Pendle Hill really means hill, hill, hill. I wish to mention 
this because I shall have to deal with matters of this description 
in speaking of the following subjects. Commencing with Wy- 
collar in the north we come in contact with a curious but very 
frequent problem for the etymologist. Cymric words applied to 
water, running water, rivers, brooks, are Aw, lby, dwr; Avon— 
flowing water; Wysg—water in rapid motion; Rhyd—a stream, 
and Aar—a river. Wyeollar is composed of three pure Celtic 
words—wy, water, col, narrow, and ar from Aar. ‘Thus 
we get: Water—narrow water. Trawden from Treu, Saxon— 
Tree, and dean, ibid, valley—Valley of Trees. Silsden in Airedale 
—Sil, Saxon—a plough; dean, ibid—ploughed valley. Thursden 
—-Thor, Saxon—a god; dean, ibid, valley—a valley dedicated to 
the god Thor. Haggate—Hag, Saxon, an enclosed wood, gate, 
geht, road—road to the wood. Ronklehurst—Runck, Saxon, 
closely packed together; Hurst, ibid, Hyrst, a wood—thickly 
planted wood. Extwistle—Aac, Saxon, an oak; twistle, an 
enclosure—an enclosure of oaks. We find ‘ twistle’”’ in Oswald- 
twistle; Entwistle, etc., having a similar meaning. ; 
SAXON. 
There is a place near Mereclough called the ‘‘ Battle Stone,”’ 
and the ground in the immediate neighbourhood, the ‘ Battle 
spot.’ On the brow of the hill overlooking the beautiful valley 
of the Calder to the west, and within a short distance of the 
Roman road at Steop Cross, in the centre of a field and detached 
from any other rocks of a similar kind, there stands in a vertical 
position a large unhewn block of fine sandstone rock. From the 
peculiarity of its position it has evidently been placed there by 
the hand of man. This mass of rock is the celebrated ‘‘ Battle 
Stone.” Tradition, which has no doubt been handed down 
through successive generations, says that a great battle was 
fought here between the Saxons and Danes. I remember visiting 
this spot in company with several of your local antiquarians, and, 
with a view to test the existence of the tradition, we sought for 
information from the first man we met on the road. He was 
evidently a native, and he immediately informed us that it had 
been always said that a battle was once fought there between the 
Saxons and Danes. I, for one, have great faith in these traditions ; 
they are the unwritten history of many a battle-field. The pro- 
bable site of the battle of Brunanburg—or, literally translated, 
Hill by the Brun—has long been a bone of contention among 
local antiquarians. In my humble opinion this subject is worthy 
of serious consideration. Here we have the stone marking the 
