tHe s"U and ^^11^ ^ V^^l^l^t.^ 

 Xnltn^ t: :VSlvitU it cMefl. as a 



produced_by combusUon or^^^^^^^^^ _^o _^^^ ^.,^^^, 



" calcite, ■ «-^''i\\* r^riuTrble and bone. 



stone rocks, chalk, cor^. ™a ^^^^^ ^,^^^ ^^ 



Let lis look at ™'" '^^ and see flint stones 

 ehalk'. Tousjvhohveupon^t.^ ^^^^^^ 



and gravel pits i^i f:'<';y.. ^^e ocean bed so 



ttints that were f'^™>ed ^ « °^ ' ^ those who live 

 longap,are.m»^fanul-^hantot^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 



in Wales, or in *" \^'^ "Vf „.ere washed to sea 

 formation and lower- '«^^;;^^,^^„„ this earth. 

 Ions ages before man appeared rxp^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 



After the ocean "*t«\f J^^^j the hot waters 

 through the coobng " ""^,P^X'ocean became a 

 became warm ff/^^^Vers teemed with tiny 

 possibility, and the waters re ^,^^ 



Creatures that had P"^^**^ .'"..ith it form 



lime out of *«hX -ne-«"n — ^^^'i 

 their mmnte *^f their microscopic sheltering 

 generation, litf«T''"'„I *. the bed of the ocean, 

 !^-^''* ":^£nd -or wMte''o:zy%lime, getting 

 forming a Kinu oi 



thicker every day. , ; j^ places over a 



The chalk m England is in ^. .^_ 



thousand feet in thickness, and ^4; . » than one 

 could not be formed at a V^^^ „j pooling 



inch in four hundred yeais^np ^^^_^^ ^^ 



and consequently .^°f "f °°d has been heaved 

 the earth, the i"""™' walls of England as chalk 

 „p, and we see the ^1"*" "^f o^^er? Shakespeare 



ssssfrhrS^|-o--nndr 



matters tor =P«-"lf*'°"- , ..t may be termed pure 

 chl'^eTee'^'hanirftiedVny miles from 



>^^.ers bave al^ays^c^ed tbei. W o^^^ 

 and discharged it m t*;^ "fj" ,,,,1,. stones, and 



CJ^-™-r^-1£^rti:ni^h: 



r-f^hJrehrrdmUerfrorthe mouths of 



great rivers. , , ti.g waters are free 



" It is beyond this point tbat tlie w. ^^^^^^^^ .^ 



from any rive.- ='-^l"»^"*;^"^fthe sealed, save the 



deposited in those vast areas o"^<' f ^jje evident, 



relics of marine orgamsnis^ the L^ has been the 

 that through countle. ages, these ^^ ^^^.^^^^ 



home of iiiyri,ads of A^^ ana an ;„ifg^a, 



kinds, not only the minute, ^^ J"'^ ^„,„,„„. but of 

 of which CUobigerina IS the mo t c ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



the gigantic, as the Ichthyosam ^^tural, or 



life Tn the "^"^ "^'t"; moment the carbonate of 



-^::tt^::'::;s-=ii^t;:t,^:"iowiy rising mass 



of lime we now caU ^^al^. slowness, so that 



The deposit ^^'^^ °f ';^'J^"f „? ,vhales are yet 

 ^b^i^coS altho^ghso- of them have lain 

 orthe sea bed for centuries. 



-2^^hit^^t:^:a|^Wlpthepro. 



--. -y >--*rsimpiro-of1hl marvellous 



bones g™^;-,„.",;^|'S no outside assistance, 

 ways o natuie, an<J 'J.'-«';=, ;„ tropical latitudes, 

 ■ \" f JchaVwe .^et eoiaUand not only has 

 instead ot chalk we ^ei, „iaced upon the 



this been growing since man ^^^^ P'^^^^^ ^to be 

 earth, but probably =™f Jjf ,,^^,„asses, but 

 abundant in the seas . ^^''t f" 'J,g f o„„ed by the 



" NiUlipores," have th«/'»"« P"J ^^.„,„ the water, 



^iif^i^r^=i:^^ar^^e^owth. 



shellfish, Ji»f '""th^Sf \nd no? "east among 

 ?»ein1tt:eat.Sln-Kchinos (sea hedge- 



^^,^r!Slnnorseahed^bog.^enc.^^^^ 



a case of f^-^"?'^*'; Jf„ ."the extension of the 

 together and perforated foi the ext ^^^ 



silnes and tube feet <• y ^ '^^^^J^j; ^^^le, and the 

 Auth is in the cen re o^h imdei^^ ^^.^ ^^^t in 

 shell IS very regiJaav ana ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ 



twenty equal sets, like tne Umestone is 



Another very ^P"'^"!,^'; t^ese are usuaUy 

 the Crinoidea, or sea my , calcareous 



attached to the sea bed by a join _^^^^^ 



stalk, and these ^'''"^f. '"'^.''Jires one rock and 

 areasavastacciu.iulat.on of MO ^^^^^ 



dredging in deep ocean wateis. ^^.^^.^^ 



Above the cretaceous sy^t™,t.it c». ^^^^^ 



bas been already referred o t^ ere ^ 



deposits of li--tone in wli^t may^^^^ 

 small way. In tlu. '='"'■'1, . ■ argillaceous 



in the London day ^tli.s^;^,^a;,^„^.^i„, nest 

 irttTi.iS:'Kran%'ernent, an article long 



nc*s\^^S^ied by Portlands ^^.^ ^^^^.^ 



tbX?s:i^:|:n^ ------ 



altogether absent « Eng ana ..CoraHine 



Yet later, in the Pliocene we have t ^^^^_^^^ 



Crag," a limestone found chiefly ne ^.^^^^.^^^ 



of the Eastern counties, and Knowi 

 '^tlt tnow probe deeper into the crust of this 

 wonderful earth. thousand feet and 



We strike chalk ^I'^^^^^^^^'^Z gi-eensands 

 we are through it ; after V^f'^^ f„ °„i„g ,vhat 

 and the g-''t._ ]ve /^d -,th J- ^ ^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ 



Stinted available fairly-land. 



