14 



severe m Germany than _eitW in Fra^o or 



manuscript, ot w iiiLTi Lucii>i 



K„rsm-vv"uecUaiiical substitutes, was killed 



were but sou yinu.ii.iiu as the 



development ™" f » f^^"*;^^*; ^ad devoted them- 

 masters and ciaftsmn ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 



selves to that =■?«"'".,, ■ j^er fields. Their 

 fo^- t''"^f";r^:^l^"t- what tW forefathers 

 vei^word »"^f™\iJg.. bore witness to that 

 ^^ ',{:Jo^^f^^^S «- capital letters 

 Ind such passages as were intended to arrest 

 attention in rod or vermihon. were 



the" t?ces o S: Chtch are "Kubncs." because 

 toy wei-e '• rubricated " or written m red m the 

 old service books; a mimatm- 

 the earliest miniatures 



ofli'tiScei-rmany of them monks, well skilled in 

 tL iCiTnation of nianuscripts and the lessar^^^^^^^^^ 

 work of illuminating the unfinished printed books 

 old that their own special voca ion was rapidly 

 .^oin.' the way of the inferior craft of the blacK 

 fetter" scribe^; already weU nigh absoi^^lby the 

 omnivorous printing press. Many of them toima 

 :S;icTnient'inother'direc.ions, biit a -t incon- 

 siderable number availed themselves of the only 

 alternative open to them. The pi-in ed book at 



\ is so-called because scripts 



reaUy artistic manuscript, auu ■'"', '^=" " Heallv 

 of the ordinary manuscript b»°l^ had p act.cally 

 departed for ever, there was stiU a demand toi 

 manuscript works of a high class am°n| the 

 nobility, clerical and lay, and not a few anion 

 the wealthier grades of society were «''U;»g *" ?^J 

 Ion.' nrices for these necessarily costly luxuiies. 

 Foi°aUeast fifty years, accordingly, after printed 

 books had become comparative y common mami 

 scripts of a highly florid and eU.borate k nd took 



"T-cf^'Vbat wrote or painted the red letters in the 

 manuscript "lunies Uiat contained the pictures, 

 manuseiipb vo wrought in mimum 



The r,n,nato,o^ "^» ™ ,3.^1 higher standing 



Aiu-e is so-called because ^^^'JP\;,"^ ;;;;= p^^.tiaUy occupied by 

 were the ^vork of the the place nj p ., ^ .^ ^^^^^ 



editions de 

 .... 1: tW?he fii^s't p-age'Ts-Tften partiaUy^r 

 wholly occupied by a brilliantly co oured pictur-e 

 Sonarch^ittin'ginthemidstofhiscourtorof 

 some striking episode containedinthe volume 01 

 oeThips even more frecinently by a highly finished 

 ^eires^entation of the Author of the work on his 



or tlie use ui.iviiig,., . ,^ 



--- .,. . t n,o rhiircii he would by no moans 

 Ss'b-lt^e^t'wHh'^d^pieting an iUuminated 

 fSl letter -lowing with drapened gold and 

 initial letrei, = r>. j ^fage and accessories in 



floreated with fantastic ieaia„ He would often 



of real portraits, more 01 ic=o v..».-^.-j „ •.,„ >,„ 

 Ufe xvith equal skiU and fidelity, may £a"ly be 

 i^garded aslhe first examples of ^^^^^Zt in 

 the modern sense of the word. Jhe volumes 11 

 which they appeared, sometimes from a liteiaiy 

 point of viw of inestimable value, were from a 

 purely artistic point mere encumbrances. In 



adorn or surrounu mo »"■" — — „,).i,o somewhat later aays mauji ui.u>- — .-- , ty,a 



"uTctmes in little," religious, or seciJar, as the ^^^'J'^Xmo.mted, or framed, separately, and the 



pictorial, as distinguished f™"^. >"J'Jj'/y,.,?Ji, .1 i>-= . a,es to 



-t - -Ut«;" reli^ous, or .cular, as^^ =- -^ ^"^^i}"!=^ ^IS ?B 

 • pictures m nttie, '-^^a 



__.;-i,4- ,i^i.iniir] r (leco . ,u f Upv had once auurut^M. "«-> "- ; 



worthiest. The printer sought for artistic decora- 

 tions of other kinds to recommend his vaies to 

 the public, and the art of the miniature painter 

 fi^iaUremancipated from its earlier assoc-iations 

 of making initial letters beautiful, sought an 

 found its natural development as a 'lee ant 

 iXpendent branch of the nngh ^ P"mevaJ a t 

 nf human portraiture. In England, especially 

 wherihe i'nfluenceof the Keformation brought 

 holesale des ruction of >m^>»™^^^ 



" „i,ip nvl Bv degrees, more particularly 

 pictures oiteu uiu subordi- 



-^frK£=rs=;i- w* -a... Jiss i==.i£i„is;i 



r.r.i" — ". 'i. =iii. of J. .a 



Conthiental Christondom, and, deeply as we may 





"black letter scrioe ».>.= ""'';:,, i„ff f„ be 

 Tt lol! "During this conflict-wh.ch was more 



were the works of men accustomed from HietuBt 

 to work on a miniature scale ^^e J^jo^^^^f „„t 



