8 



hatred felt for the Austriaus. The depo- 

 sition of Charles X of France iu 1830 led to 

 fresh rising's in the Papal States, but Aus- 

 tria agfain intei'vened successfully. Mazziui 

 roused enthusiasm for the cause of freedom 

 by instituting^ the As^ociation of Tounof 

 Italy, but he received no supjjort from 

 Charles Albert, and fled first to France and 

 afterwards to Italy. The year 1848 saw the 

 next scries of risings against arbitrary and 

 irresponsible government. Louis Philippe 

 was driven from France, Metternich from 

 Austria, and only by the help of Russia did 

 Austria maintain its hold upon Hungary. 

 The North of Italy, headed by Piedmont, 

 rose against Austria, but after considerable 

 successes, suffered defeat at Novara, and the 

 puppet princes who liad fled returned to 

 their States. Charles Albert abdicated in 

 favour of Victor Emmanuel, who was des- 

 tined to be the ruler of a united Italy. In 

 this last rising Rome had for a time been 

 formed into a republic, but Louis Napoleon 

 sent a force from France which reinstated 

 the Pope, in spite of a splendid resistance 

 offered by Garibaldi. Helped by Cavour, 

 Victor Emmanuel jnoceeded to develop the 

 resources of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and 

 to fit his people to take the lead in the 

 liberation of Italy. At Cavour's instigation 

 Sardinia took paTt in the Crimean War, and 

 there recovered the prestige lost at Novara. 

 In the Congress held at Paris at the con- 

 clusion of the war Cavour represented Italy, 

 and came into close touch with the minis- 

 ters of Louis Napoleon. In 1858 Cavour met 

 Napoleon at Plombieres. and a compact was 

 formed by which Napoleon was to help to 

 drive out the Austrians, and in return to 

 receive Savoy and Nice. War broke out in 

 1859, and the combined forces of France and 

 Sardinia won the battles of Magenta and 

 Solferino. To Cavour's disgust, Louis Na- 



poleon suddenly at Villafrance made peace 

 with Austria, and on terms such that only 

 Lombardy was added to Sardinia. But 

 Central Italy soon expelled its incompetent 

 rulers, and Victor Emmanuel foxxnd himself 

 at the head of Modena. Parma, Tuscany, 

 and the Romagna, in addition to his own 

 states. Savoy and Nice, however, had to 

 be surrendered to France. A romantic 

 turn was given to events by the brilliant 

 exploit of Garibaldi and his 1,000 men, who 

 in a few months made themselves masters of 

 Sicily, and then crossed to the mainland and 

 entered Naples. Cavour, afraid that Gari- 

 baldi, ignoring the danger of complications 

 with France, would march on Roj7ie, antici- 

 pated events by seizing part of the Papal 

 States, and at a subsequent meeting. Gari- 

 baldi resigned his power into the hands of 

 Victor Emmanuel and retired to Caprcra. 

 The Two Sicilies united themselves by ple- 

 biscite to the Italian kingdom. 



Veuetia was won as a result of an alliance 

 with Prussia when that power was on the 

 brink of war witli Austria — Prussia promis- 

 ing that Venetia should be for Italy the 

 spoils of victory. The outbreak of the 

 Franco-German war necessitated the with- 

 drawal of the whole of the French forces 

 from Rome, and in 1871 Victor Emmanuel 

 made a triumphal entry into that City. 



To Cavour, more than to any other man, 

 Italy is indebted for her liberty and unity. 

 He possessed pre-eminently the qualities 

 that go to make a practical statesman — 

 steadfastness of purpose, lofty ideals, ab- 

 sence of mere personal ambition, and that 

 soundness of intellect which distinguishes 

 between the possible and the impossible. 



At the conclusion of the lecture a cordial 

 vote of thanks was given to Mr. Sharp, on 

 the motion of the Chairman. 



EXTINCT VOLCANOHS IN BEITAIN. 

 By Mr. W. COZENS. 



An exceedingly interesting and informa- 

 tive lecture on " Extinct Volcanoes In 

 Great Britain " was given by Mr. W. 

 Cozens at the March meeting of the East 

 Kent Natural History and Scientific Society 

 on Wednesday, March 11. in the reference 

 library of the Beaney Institute, Canterbury. 



The President, Dr. Graham Wills, was 

 in the chair, and the gathering was a little 

 larger than usual, though very inadequate, 

 having regard to the interesting nature of 

 the subject. 



Mr. Cozens said that as every part of the 

 crust of the earth had been subject to tre- 

 mendous pressure on all sides, and perhaps 

 even morce pressure through gravitation try- 



ing always to drag every portion towards 

 the centre of the planet, all parts of the 

 crust had from time to time been subject 

 to folding, cleavage, breakiug, falling into 

 the molten magma, and iu other ways hav- 

 ing the orderly strata which had been laid 

 down by the water disorgauised, it was not 

 to be exi>ected that the tiny portion of the 

 crust we called Great Britaiu should be any 

 exception to the general rule. Neither was 

 it. In every direction there were evidences 

 of Plutonic and Volcanic energy, and in the 

 ages that elapsed to bring this land into 

 its present state of glorious perfection for 

 the habitation of man the internal t»ry 

 forces had had their part to ijlay, and had 



