ARTICULATA. 89 
find suitable food, although this food is often a kind quite different 
from that of the insect in its adult state. Some insects, however, as bees, 
wasps, ants, and earwigs, pay great attention to their young. The stage 
of development at which insects issue from the ege is very different 
in different tribes. In general, however, they undergo very remarkable 
metamorphoses. A worm, inhabiting a muddy pool, becomes a winged 
creature that sports in the air; a crawling caterpillar, that greedily devours 
some kind of herbage with its horny jaws, eating vastly more in pro- 
portion to its size than an ox, is converted into a splendid butterfly, flitting 
from flower to flower, and feeding only on nectareous juices. The first 
stage of insect-life, after the egg is hatched, is called the larva! stage, and 
in this the young insect generally 
increases much in size. Caterpillars 
are the larvee of butterflies, moths, and 
hawk-moths ; grubs are the larve of 
beetles ; maggots are the larve of 
two-winged flies, such as the house- 
fly and blow-fly. The next stage 
into which insects pass is the pupa? 
stage, in which those that undergo 
complete metamorphoses are almost 
quite inactive, and take no food. 
The pupa of a butterfly, a moth, or , 
a hawk-moth is called a chrysalis? or 
chrysalid, from the golden spots with 
which many such pup are adorned. 
Chrysalids are often enclosed in a 
horny membranous case. Many larve, 
when about to change into the Pere The larva and pupa or chrysalis are shewn 
state, spin cocoons or silken envelopes —_ below—the larva to the right, and the 
P : : chrysalis to the left. 
in which they undergo their trans- 
formation, and which serve for the protection of the inactive and helpless 
pupe. Silkworms are the larve of certain species of moth, which, on 
undergoing their transformation into pupz, spin for themselves cocoons, 
the thread of which is si/k. The cocoon of the common silkworm exhibits 
externally a loose gauze-like covering, within which is a compact and close 
oval ball ; yet all this is one continuous thread, which may sometimes be 
unwound to the length of one thousand feet. The perfect insect is formed 
within the covering of the pupa, attaining there its full proportions, and 
‘ready to use its wings, its legs, and all its other organs within a few 
moments after it has emerged into the open air. 

Fig. 69.—Purple Emperor Butterfly : 
1 Latin Jarva, a mask, 2 Latin, ‘a doll.’ 3 From Greek chrysos, gold. 
