100 ZOOLOGY. 
to the character ‘of the limbs and of their extremities—Unguiculata, 
mammals having nails or claws; Ungulata,? mammals having hoofs ; and 
Mutilata,2 mammals having no hind-limbs, and the fore-limbs modified 
into fins. To the first of these sections, Unguiculata, man is referred ; 
and for the single species so high in intelligence and endowments, so 
different from all other animals, the order Bimana* has been constituted, 
the name expressing the peculiar character of the adaptation of the 
extremities of the fore-limbs to the purposes of grasping, &c., as hands; 
whilst those of the hind limbs are merely feet, serving for the support of 
the body; this very difference between the fore and hinder extremities 
shewing that man is intended for an upright posture. In this respect, he 
is altogether peculiar, as all the lower mammals inhabiting the dry land 
ordinarily go upon all-fours, although this is somewhat disguised in 
monkeys by their climbing powers. Monkeys belong to an order called 
Quadrumana,® the extremities of all the four limbs being fitted for use 
as hands, by having thumbs opposed in action to the fingers, and the 
hind-limbs having often the greatest grasping power.—Cuvier’s order, 
Carnaria,® so designated because consisting of species which chiefly 
subsist by preying upon other animals, is divided into three sub-orders— 
Cheiroptera, Insectivora, and Carnivora. (1) Cheiroptera,’ or Bats, are the 
only winged mammals. The wings of bats are very, different in structure 
from those of birds, and consist chiefly of the bones of the fore-limbs, 
and particularly the finger-bones, prodigiously lengthened and united by 
membrane. Most of the bats feed chiefly on insects, although some large 
tropical species eat fruits—(2) The Insectwvora,’ as moles, shrews, and 
hedgehogs, are mostly small timid creatures. They do not all prey 
exclusively on insects, although all have their molar teeth beset with 
small tubercles for breaking up the hard coverings of insect prey.—(3) 
The sub-order Carnivora® imcludes the quadrupeds which chiefly prey 
upon other vertebrate animals. Their muscular energy is very great, 
their respiration and circulation very active. Their use in the scheme of 
nature seems to be to prevent the undue multiplication of herbivorous 
animals, which, unless thus checked, would soon destroy the vegetation of 
the earth, and unfit it for their own abode. Cuvier divided the Carnivora 
into three sections. The first section, named Plantigrade,!° contains those 
which place the whole sole of the foot on the ground in walking, of which 
the families of Bears and Badgers are the most notable. The second section, 
Digitigrade, contains those which walk on the tips of the toes only, of 
1¥From Latin wngwis, a nail. 7 From Greek cheir, a hand, and pteron, a wing. 
2 From Latin wngwis, a hoof. 8 Latin, ‘ insect-eating.’ 
3 Latin, ‘ mutilated.’ 9 Latin, § flesh-devouring.’ 
4 Latin, ‘ two-handed.’ 10 From Latin planta, the sole of the foot, and gradior, 
5 Latin, ‘ four-handed.’ to walk. 
6 From Latin caro, carnis, flesh. 11 From Latin digitus, a finger, and gradior, to walk. 

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