104 ZOOLOGY. 
CLASS IV.—continued. 
ORDER 2. Insessores, with feet adapted only for perching, as crows, 
thrushes, linnets, larks, and sparrows. 
n 3. Scansores, having feet specially adapted for climbing, as 
parrots, cuckoos, and woodpeckers. 
” 4, Rasores or Gallinaceous Birds, having short stout claws, 
adapted for scraping the earth in quest of food, as the 
common fowl, turkey, peacock, pheasant, partridge, &c. 
” 5. Cursores, large birds with long legs and very short wings, 
_ incapable of flight, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu. 
” 6. Gralle or Grallatores, long-legged birds, with feet adapted 
for wading, or for walking on sand or mud, as herons, 
cranes, storks, snipes, and woodcocks. 
" 7. Natatores, aquatic birds with webbed feet, as swans, 
geese, ducks, gulls, and penguins. 
n  V.—Mammalia or Mammals, warm-blooded animals, viviparous, and suckling 
their young. 
SECT. 1. UNGUICULATA, having nails or claws. 
ORDER 1. Bimana, having the fore-limbs terminated by hands, the 
hinder limbs by feet. Man is the only species. 
" 2. Quadrumana, having all the four limbs terminated by 
hands, and capable of grasping, as monkeys. 
" 3. Carnaria, mammals which subsist chiefly by preying on 
other animals, 
SUB-ORDER 1. Cheiroptera, winged mammals, all gener- 
ally known by the name of bats. 
" 2. Insectivora, small quadrupeds having 
teeth adapted specially for insect prey, 
as shrews, moles, and hedgehogs. 
n 3. Carnivora, quadrupeds chiefly preying on 
other vertebrate animals. 
Sect. 1. Plantigrade, walking on the 
whole sole of the foot, as 
bears. 
u 2, Digitigrade, walking on the 
toes only, as the cat, lion, 
tiger, &c.—dog, fox, civet, 
weasel. : 
n 93 Amphibia, marine animals, | 
having feet adapted mainly 
for swimming, as seals, the 
walrus, and the sea-elephant. 
v 4, Marsupialia, distinguished by the pouch in which the 
females carry their young, as kangaroos and opossums. 
" 5. Rodentia, having the front teeth specially adapted for 
gnawing, as hares, rabbits, rats, mice, squirrels, and 
the beaver. 
" 6. Edentata, having no teeth, or only small teeth in the 
back part of the jaws, as sloths, ant-eaters. 
SECT. 2. UNGULATA, having hoofs. 
ORDER 1. Pachydermata, having a thick skin, and feeding on vege- 
table food, as elephants, rhinoceroses, the hippopota- 
mus, hogs, the horse, ass, and zebra. 
w 2. Ruminantia, herbivorous animals, chewing the cud, as 
the camel, giraffe, deer, ox, buffalo, &c.—sheep, goat. 
SECT. 3. MUTILATA, having no hind-limbs, and the fore-limbs 
modified into fins. 
* ORDER, Cetacea, as whales and porpoises. 
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