ens) ty BOTANY, 
together as to be almost one, and resemble one another very closely, as in 
the crocus. In this case, 
they are not generally 
distinguished by the 
names of calyx and co- 
rolla, but receivetogether 
because they surround 
the essential parts of the 
flower. These parts are 
the stamens? and pistils.3 
From an analogy with 
Fig. 78.—Flower of Campanula : animals, the stamens are 
a, anther ; }, stigma; c, germen; d, filament; e, style; called the male organs, 
f, flower-stalk ; g, calyx; A, corolla. and the pistils the female 
organs of fructification. 
The stamens form the whorl next within the corolla; the pistils are the 
innermost of all, and are the final extension of the stem or stalk from 
which the flower grows. The pistils contain the ovules, which, when 
matured, become the seeds. A pistil is sometimes formed of one modified 
leaf, and sometimes of several, more or less united. Each leaf which 
enters into the formation of the pistil is called a carpel,* and each carpel 
has its own ovules. The lower part of the pistil is the germen or ovary 
(c, fig. 78), in which are the ovules; from this rises the style® (e, fig. 78), 
which is crowned by the stegma® (b, fig. 78). The style is often 
very slender, although in some flowers it is thick and stout. The 
stigma also assumes very various forms ; it is sometimes broad and large, 
sometimes nothing more than the mere point of the style. The style is 
sometimes altogether absent, and the stigma rests immediately on the 
summit of the germen. The only use of the style is as a tube to 
' communicate between the stigma and the germen. The stamens are ranged 
around the pistil. In some plants, they are few in number ; in others, they 
are very numerous. Those plants which have few stamens have a certain 
number of them, as they have also a certain number of sepals and of 
petals ; and it very often happens that there is a correspondence in these 
numbers, so that some plants are dimerous, some trimerous, some tetra- 
merous, and others pentamerous.” The crocus is an example of a trimerous 
flower ; the primrose is a pentamerous flower. A stamen consists of two 

1 From the Greek per?, around, and anthos, 4 From Greek karpos, a fruit. 
a flower. 5 From the Greek stylos, a pillar. 
2 Latin stamen, a thread, a fibre. 6 Greek, ‘a mark.’ 
3 So called from their likeness to the pestle 7 From the Greek meros, a part, dis, twice, 
of a mortar. tres, three, tetra, four, and penta, five. 
the name of erianth,! — 

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