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POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 



of the very young throughout life, and are always active. They secrete a waxy 

 covering that serves to protect them, and often crawl into crevices and even into 

 the earth and so are difficult to combat. Their habit of movement throughout 

 life, makes their spread more easy and rapid. They are seriously destructive. 



The second sub-family, Coccinae, are unarmored, and so when we touch 

 the scale, we touch the insect. We are familiar with these in the black scale, 

 the frosted scale and the soft brown scale. The absence of armor or a separate 

 scale to shelter them makes their destruction more easy. 



The third sub-family Diaspinae, has a separate scale which consists of a 

 central projecting portion, made up of exuviae or cast skins of the young 

 or larval insect, and a flatter border, a secretion, which is gray or brown. We 

 are familiar with these in the red, \ellow, purple, greedy and lemon-peel or ivy 

 scale. This protection makes their destruction more difficult ; hence the in- 



Figure 11. Chrysomphalus aurantii on lemon and orange 



creased dosage for red and purple scale when we fumigate. In both these last 

 two sub-families, the young insects soon become anchored, by their long beaks, 

 and so move but little, though the Coccinae can, and upon occasion do so 

 move till quite late in their development. With the first moult the Diaspinae 

 lose their feet and antennae, and the motion that they seem to make must be 

 largely through their rostrum or beak. 



REPRODUCTION OF THE COCCIDS. 



Many .scale insects, like the black and purple scale, are oviparous, that is 

 they are egg-laying. These arc likely to be more regular or periodic in their 

 appearance, and so we may find most all eggs, or young, or mature, at one 

 and the same time. This, of course, is favorable to their destruction, as we 



