ILICIAL TITES IX THE I'Ul'lLATlON OF THE U. S. 



439 



ter. Yet survey after survey of o-roup? 

 of reasonable racial houioiieneity have 

 shown that this character is not niueli 

 more varinhle than tlie othrr chai-actcrs 

 noted ab(i\('. and the aNd'auc staturf of 

 regions with a fairly stable |H.]iulati()ii 

 has remained nearly the same Ini' cen- 

 turies. Among the Negroes we lia\e 

 both extremes of the very tall and veiT 

 short racial types. The greater niiinlter 

 of the continental Asiatics are short. 

 The Europeans of the north are among 

 the very tallest peoples while those of 

 the south are considerably shorter. 



Head form, too, is characteristic of 

 racial types. It ranges from very broad 

 round forms to very narrow long forms. 

 The North and South Europeans, the 

 Xegroes with the exception of certain 

 Oceanic types, the Semitic and Ilamitic 

 tvpes. the Eskimo and certain Ameri- 

 can Indians are long-headed. The Cen- 

 tral Europeans, many ]\Iongoloid types 

 of Asia, many Polynesians, and some 

 American Indians are short-headed. To 

 this list of characters could be added 

 the extreme variations in the form of 

 the nose, the proportions of the face, 

 and indeed, proportions of the entire 

 body. However, the above are sufficient 

 for a general survey of the races of 

 mankind represented in the population 

 of the United States. 



On the basis of the above characters 

 it has become possible to classify all 

 mankind into a relatively few groups. 

 There is some difference in opinion as 

 to the exact number and ranking of 

 these groups, but these differences of 

 opinion are, for the most part, differ- 

 ences in nomenclature and when anal- 

 yzed reveal a very close agreement on 

 relationships. Most anthropologists are 

 satisfied to distinguish between four 

 great groups or primary races of man- 

 kind : the lighter-pigmented European 

 race with straight or wavy hair, fairly 

 tall stature, and a rather jirominent 

 narrow nose; the yellowish-brown ^lon- 

 goloid race characterized by straight 

 black hair, ponrlv dovolopod faro and 



l)0(lv hair, shorter stature, a broad face, 

 and a nost- vei'V low and tlal between 

 the eyes; the more heavily pigmented 

 N>gro race with l)lack frizzly hair, a 

 broad nose, and most frequently a fairly 

 long head; and fourthly, an Australian 

 I'aee with a dark browii skin, curly or 

 wavy hair, well-developed face and body 

 bail', and a broad nose. 



Included in each of these ]M-imary 

 races are several racial types that are 

 characterized by certain i)eculiarities 

 wliic-h distinguish them from other 

 types of the same or different races. It 

 should be said also that there are sev- 

 eral smaller groups of mankind which 

 seem to ])resent characters intermediate 

 between two races and are therefore 

 dillieult to classify. 



The Three Primary Biologtcal 

 Racial Types of Europe 



Since we have seen, however, that l)y 

 far the greater part of our population 

 is of European origin, we are concerned 

 chiefly with the racial types represented 

 in Europe. In the main there are 

 three principal racial types in Eu- 

 rope: the North European, variously 

 called the Teutonic, Germanic, or Nor- 

 dic type, with blond or light brown hair, 

 filue eyes, tall stature, an elongated 

 head and face and a high and nar- 

 row nose ; the Central European, known 

 as the Alpine, Celtic or Slavic type, 

 characterized by darker hair and eyes, 

 medium stature, a shorter and broader 

 head and face, and a large nose; and 

 the South European, variously called 

 the ^Mediterranean. Ligurian or Iberian 

 tvpe, characterized l)y l)lack hair, brown 

 eyes, a darker skin, long head, short 

 stature, and fairly broad nose. 



Besides these main types there are 

 other racial types of lesser numerical 

 importance. Although numy of the 

 Jews in Europe belong to the Central 

 Euro])ean type some of them clearly 

 represent a Semitic type or an Arme- 

 noid t\|)e. It is absolutely im])Ossible 

 to uiake anv reasonable estimate as to 



