RACE MIXTURE IN HAWAII 



By Vaughan MacCaughey 

 College of Flawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 



THE CHINESE 



THE Hawaiian Islands are re- 

 markable for the diversity of 

 races represented and for the 

 varied conjugal race-minglino- 

 which has taken place in this tiny island 

 world during the past hundred and fiftv 

 years. Excellent general accounts of the 

 nature of Hawaii's population can be 

 found in W. F. Blackman's "The Mak- 

 ing of Hawaii" (Macmillan, 1906, 266 

 pp.) and in "Race Mingling in Hawaii,' 

 by Ernest J. Reece {American Journal 

 of Sociology, 20:104-16, July, 1914).^ 

 The present paper is the first of a series 

 of eugenic studies of Hawaii's polyglot 

 and polychrome population, a series 

 which embodies data not heretofore 

 assembled and made available for stu- 

 dents of eugenics. 



The population of Hawaii, 1918, in 

 round numbers is as follows: 



Asiatics 153,500 



Japanese 105,000 



Chinese 23,000 



Koreans 5,000 



Filipinos 20,000 



Polynesians 40,000 



Hawaiians 23,000 



Caucasian-Hawaiians 11,000 



Chinese-Hawaiians 6,000 



Latins 31,000 



Portuguese 23.000 



Spanish 2,000 



Porto Rican 6,000 



Americans, Scotch, British, Germans, 



Russians, etc 22,000 



The Hawaiians are remnants of the 

 splendid Polynesian stock that formerly 

 solely possessed this lovely mid-Pacil'ic 

 archipelago. The Americans, North 

 Europeans and other "white men" rep- 



resent the traders, missionaries, beach- 

 combers, sailors, fugitives from justice, 

 merchants, sugar planters, professional, 

 military and capitalistic classes that 

 have completely dominated and ex- 

 ploited the life and resources of the 

 islands. All of the other races — Jap- 

 anese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Span- 

 ish, Portuguese, Porto Rican, Russian, 

 Negro, South Sea Islanders, etc. — have 

 been imported wholesale by the agricul- 

 tural corporations to work in the sugar- 

 cane fields. At present the population 

 of Hawaii is predominantly Asiatic, 

 alien, male, illiterate, non-English- 

 speaking, non-Christian, landless, and 

 homeless. 



The Chinese have been associated 

 with Hawaii since very early times 

 The first epoch in Hawaii's industrial 

 exploitation was the "Sandalwood Pe- 

 riod," during which an active trade was 

 carried on with China. Chinese coolies 

 began to be imported in small numbers 

 about 1870. The flood of coolie labor 

 swelled rapidly and reached a maximum 

 about 1870. The exclusion law, ^vhich 

 went into effect with annexation in 

 1898, has decreased the number of Chi- 

 nese immigrants. The immigration of 

 foreign-born Chinese into Hawaii to 

 1910 has been as follows : 



Previous to 1890 6,580 



1891-1895 3,340 



1895-1900 3,830 



1900-1905 445 



1905-1910 205 



The Chinese now number 23,000 ; the 

 increase during the past decade has 

 been slight. There are now 800 regis- 

 tered Chinese voters in Hawaii. In 

 1900 there were almost as many Chinese 

 children (1,300) in the public and pri- 



^ See also Vaughan MacCaughey, "Americanization and the Schools of Hawaii." in 

 School and Society, 8: 24-26, July 6, 1918, and "Racial Elements in Hawaii's School.?, in 

 Education," in press. 



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