PERMANENT AND SUMMER RESIDENTS 



85 



only in the winter. Our birds may thus be arranged, according 

 to the season when they are present, in several rather well-defined 

 groups, for which the following names seem most applicable. 



I. Permanent Residents. — This class includes species which 

 are with us throughout the year, but it does not follow that the 

 same individuals pass the entire year here. Comparatively few, 

 indeed, of the species in this group are permanent residents in the 

 strict sense of the term. The Bob-wihite, Ruffed Grouse, and 

 several of the Owls are doubtless literally permanent residents, 

 that is, the same individuals pass their lives in one restricted local- 

 ity, but it is not probable that the Bluebirds, for example, found 

 here during the winter are the same birds which nested with us 

 in the summer. Doubtless our winter Bluebirds pass the summer 

 farther north, while our summer Bluebirds winter farther south but as 

 a species, the Bluebird is a permanent resident. 



List of Permanent Residents. 



Bob-white. 

 Ruffed Grouse. 

 Marsh Hawk. 

 Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

 Cooper's Hawk. 

 Red-tailed Hawk. 

 Red-shouldered Hawk. 

 Broad-winged Hawk. 

 Bald Eagle. 

 Duck Hawk. 

 Sparrow Hawk. 

 Long-eared Owl. 

 Barred Owl. 

 Screech Owl. 

 Great Horned Owl. 

 Hairy Woodpecker. 

 Downy Woodpecker. 

 Flicker. 



Blue Jay. 



American Crow. 



Fish Crow. 



Starling. 



Meadowlark. 



House Sparrow. 



Purple Finch. 



American Goldfinch. 



European Goldfinch. 



Song Sparrow. 



Swamp Sparrow. 



Cardinal. 



Cedar Waxwing. 



Carolina Wren. 



White-breasted Nuthatch. 



Tufted Titmouse. 



Chicadee. 



Robin. 



Bluebird. 



II. Summer Residents. — Summer residents, as the name 

 implies, are birds found here during the summer. They may, 

 however, arrive early in March and remain imtil December, as 

 do the I)lackbirds and the Woodcocks, or they may not come until 

 May and may leave us in August. Summer residents, then, are 

 birds which come to us at varying times in the spring and after 

 nestino" here return to more southern winter resorts in the fall. 



