414 



The Journal of Heredity 



Figure 22. The bull Comet (155), bred by Charles Colling, was one of the 

 most important foundation sires of the Shorthorn breed. He was the sire of Bates' 

 Duchess I. In spite of his close inbreeding, 47.1 per cent, he was a remarkably 

 vigorous animal and considered the best bull of his time. At Charles Ceiling's 

 dispersion sale he sold for the record price of 1,000 guineas. 



NORFOLK 



Figure 23. Norfolk (2377), bred by James Whitaker, was one of the bulls 

 used by Bates to introduce a dash of fresh blood into his herd. Many of the later 

 day Duchesses descended from him. Like the other bulls used by Bates for this 

 purpose, he was closely related to the Duchesses genetically through his descent in 

 many lines from Favourite. Bates' so-called "outcrosses" merely kept the degree 

 of inbreeding from rising above the level — about 40 per cent — with which he started. 



