HYPHAL TISSUE. PROSENCHYMA. 49 
liform tissue (fig. 71). This tissue, which is usually known under 
the name of hyphx or hyphal tissue, constitutes, as a general 
rule, the vegetative portion of all Fungi and Lichens ; and in the 
larger Fungi this same tissue also forms a more compact structure 
at certain parts, as on their surface, where it is arranged as a 
kind of skin, and then constitutes what is termed pseudo-paren- 
chyma. Hyphal tissue is also found in the thallus of some Algee. 
The varieties of parenchyma as just described constitute the 
entire structure of the lower orders of plants, or Thallophytes, 
such as the Algze, Fungi, and Lichens, which are hence fre- 
quently termed Cellular Plants ; while all plants above them, 
which contain, commonly, vessels and prosenchymatous wood- 
cells, in addition to parenchymatous cells, are called Vascular 
Plants (see page 8). In these higher orders of plants, parenchy- 
matous cells constitute all the soft and pulpy parts ; and in cul- 
Fie. 96. Fic. 97. Fie. 98. Fie. 99. Fira. 100. Bres toi. 
Fig. 96. Prosenchymatous or wood- 
cells. Fig.97. Transverse section Fig. 99. Upper end of a liber cell.—¥ 
of prosenchymatous cells, showing Fig.100. Branched liber cell. After 
the thickness of their walls. Schleiden.— fig. 101. Transverse 
Fig. 98. Prosenchymatous cells in section of liber-cells, showing the 
combination, thickness of their walls. 
tivating plants or parts of plants for culinary purposes and for 
food generally, the great object aimed at is to develop this 
kind of tissue as much as possible. Parenchyma is connected 
by various intermediate conditions with prosenchyma, which must 
now be described. 
2. Pros—ENcHYyMA.—The most perfect form of prosenchyma 
is that commonly termed Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre. This 
tissue consists of very fine cells, elongated and tapering to their 
extremities, their walls being much thickened (fig. 96), and 
when in contact with one another overlapping by their pointed 
ends, so that they are firmly compacted together and leave no 
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