cell raised above the level of the epidermis, so as to produce 
what is termed a shield-like or peltate hair (fig. 151). Many of 
the above forms occur equally in simple hairs as in compound 
ones, and the figures are taken indifferently from either kind. 
Many hairs have one or more spiral fibres in their interior, as 
those on the testa of the seeds of Acanthodiwm, and of the outer 
coat (epicarp) of the fruit of certain species of Salvia, as in that 
of Salvia Horminum (fig. 152). 
When the divisions of stellate hairs are closely connected by 
cuticle or otherwise, they form scales or scwrf ; such epidermal 
appendages are, therefore, simply modifications of stellate hairs. 
A scale may be defined as a flattened membranous more or less 
rounded plate of parenchymatous tissue, attached by its centre, 
Fic. 144. Fie. 146. Fre. 147. Fia. 148. 
Fic. 145. Fie. 149. Fie. 150. 
Fie. 151. 
Fig. 144. Moniliform hair of the Virginian Spiderwort (Tradescantia vir- 
ginica).——Fig. 145. Moniliform hair of the Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis 
Jalapa).— Fig. 146. Clavate hairs. Fig. 147. Capitate hairs. —— Fig. 
148. Hooked hairs. Fig. 149. Glochidiate or barbed hairs. Fig. 150. 
Stellate hair from the Ivy.—Fig. 151. Peltate hairfrom Malpighia urens. 
and presenting a more or less irregular margin from the unequal 
prolongation of its component cells (fig. 153). These scales are 
particularly abundant on the surface of some plants, to which 
they communicate a scurfy or silvery appearance, as in the 
Hleagnus. Such a surface is said to be lepidote, from lepis, the 
Greek term for a scale. 
Other modifications of hairs which are allied to the above, 
are the ramenta or ramentaceous hairs so frequently found upon 
the stem and petioles of Ferns. These consist of a layer of cells 
(fig. 155) combined so as to form a brownish flattened scale 
F 
