104 LEAF-BUDS OR BUDS. 
pith, a; around this spiral and other vessels and wood cells are 
soon developed, also in connexion with similar parts of the wood, 
b, b; and on the outside of these, in a parenchymatous mass 
which ultimately becomes the bark, we have little cellular pro- 
jections developed, which are the rudimentary leaves. As growth 
proceeds these parts become more evident, and a little more or 
less conical body is ultimately produced at the apex of the stem 
or branch (fig. 207); or laterally in the axil of the leaves, c, and 
the formation of the bud is completed. In like manner the 
buds of Monocotyledonous and Acrogenous plants are connected 
Fie. 205. Fic. 206. 
b%pe 
Fig. 205. Branch of Oak with alternate leaves and leaf-buds in their axils. 
a, a. Buds. 6, 6. Leaves.——Fig. 206. Vertical section through the end of 
a twig of the Horsechestnut (_“sculus Hippocastanum), before the bursting 
of the bud. After Schleiden. a. The pith. 6, b, The wood. c,c. The 
bark. d, d. Scars of leaves of former years. e, e. The fibro-vascular 
bundles of those leaves. 7, 7. The axillary buds of those leaves, with their 
scales and fibro-vascular bundles. g. Terminal bud of the twig ending in 
a rudimentary flowering panicle. h, hk. Scars formed by the falling off of 
the lowest scales of the bud, and above these may be seen the closed 
scales with their fibro-vascular bundles. 7. Medullary mass leading from 
the pith, a, into the axillary bud, s, 7, /. 
with both the parenchymatous and fibro-vascular systems of 
their stems ; but in these plants, as we have seen, there are, as 
a general rule, no lateral buds. 
The buds of temperate and cold climates, which remain 
dormant during the winter, and which are accordingly exposed 
to all its rigours, have generally certain protective organs de- 
veloped on their outer surface in the form of modified leaves 
(cataphyllary), which are commonly called scales (page 140). 
These are usually of a hardened texture, and are sometimes 
