138 CONICAL, FUSIFORM, AND NAPIFORM ROOTS, 
points, other terms are applied. Thus, when the branches are 
enlarged irregularly towards the ends, as in the Common Drop- 
wort, the root is nodulose (fig. 264); when the branches have 
alternate contractions and expansions, so as to present a beaded 
appearance, as in Pelargonium triste, the root is moniliform, 
necklace-shaped, or beaded (fig. 265); and when the root has a 
number of ring-like expansions on its surface, as in Ipecacuanha, 
it is annulated (fig. 266). 
The above forms of roots, with few exceptions, are those 
which are commonly observed in plants which have no true tap- 
root. Those which have now to be described owe their epenial 
forms to modifications of the latter kind of root. 
Fic. 268. 
Fie, 269. Fic. 270. 
Fig. 268. Fusiform root of the 
common Radish (Raphanus 
sativus),—§ Fig. 269. Napi- 
form root of the Turnip 
(Brassica Rapa). ——Fig. 
270. Placentiform root of 
the Sow-bread (Cyclamen 
europeUum ). 
Conical Root.—When a tap-root is broad at its base, and 
tapers towards the apex, it is termed conical. The roots of 
Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus), Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), and 
Carrot (Daucus Carota) (fig. 267), are familiar examples of this 
form of root. Fusiform Root.—This term is applied to a tap- 
root which swells out a little below its base, and then tapers 
upwards and downwards (jig. 268). The common Radish, 
and Beet (Beta vulgaris), may be taken as examples. Napiform 
Root.—This name is given to a root which is much swollen 
at its base, and tapers below into a long point, the upper part 
being of a somewhat globular form (fig. 269). It occurs in 
