188 PHYLLODES.— PITCHERS. 
circumstances. Thus,—Ilst. By their venation, which is more or 
less parallel (figs. 388 and 389) instead of reticulated, as is the 
case generally in Dicotyledons, in which class of plants they alone 
occur. 2nd. By their being placed nearly or quite in a vertical 
direction—that is, turning their margins upwards and down- 
wards instead of their surfaces. And 3rd. By their two sur- 
faces resembling each other, whereas in true blades a manifest 
difference is commonly observable between their upper and 
lower surfaces. 
Besides the true phyllodes thus described, there are some 
others, as in certain species of Ranunculus, which do not present 
such well-marked distinctive characters. In these phyllodes the 
direction of the surfaces is horizontal as in true blades, and in 
some other respects they resemble them ; they have, however, 
more or less parallel venation instead of reticulated, and, be- 
longing to Dicotyledons, this character will suffice to distinguish 
them, as it is now become the rule with most botanists to con- 
sider all organs occupying the place of leaves among Dicotyledons, 
which are not reticulated, as phyllodes. 
Ascidia or Pitchers. —These are the most remarkable of all 
the anomalous forms presented by leaves. They may be seen 
Fia. 390. TEs ails 
Fic..392. 
Fig. 390, Pitcher of a species of Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes distillatoria). p. 
Pitcher closed by the lid, 7. Fig. 391. Pitcher of the Side-saddle Plant 
(Sarracenia purpurea ). Fig. 392. Pitchers of Heliamphora, 
in the species of Nepenthes or Pitcher Plants (fig. 390), in the 
species of Sarracenia or Side-saddle Plants (fig. 391), and in 
many others. These curious organs may be either formed from 
the petiole, or the blade of the leaf. Thus in the Sarracenia 
( fig. 391), the pitcher appears to be produced by the folding 
