190 LEAVES OF MONOCOTYLEDONS AND CORMOPHYTES. 
commonly more or less parallel: either from base to apex 
(fig. 311, a); or they present one large central vein from which 
veins are given off on each side, which proceed in a parallel 
direction to the margins, as in the Banana (jigs. 311, b, and 
318). But the leaves generally of plants of the Natural Orders 
Smilacez (fig. 387), Dioscoreace, Trilliaceze, Roxburghiacez, 
and Philesiaceze, as well as some in the order Aracex, pre- 
sent exceptions to this character, for in them the veins branch 
in various directions and form a network, as in the leaves of 
Dicotyledons. Some of these plants, as the Smilacez and allied 
orders, were therefore separated from other Monocotyledons 
by Lindley, and placed in a class by themselves, called Dictyo- 
gens, from the Greek word signifying a net. But this class has 
not been accepted by botanists, and is not therefore adopted in 
this Manual. We have already noticed (page 100) that such 
plants also present certain ditferences in the structure of their 
subterranean stems from those of other Monocotyledons. 
In Monocotyledons the leaves are also commonly not arti- . 
culated ; and the margins of their blades are usually entire or free 
from toothings and incisions of every kind. They are also com- 
monly simple, often sheathing at the base, and seldom have 
stipules, unless the ligule (page 181) is to be considered as the 
analogue of these organs. 
3. LeAvEs oF CormMopHyTES.—In these plants, when the 
leaves have veins, these may be arranged, at first, in a pinnate 
or palmate manner, but the whole of their principal veins either 
divide afterwards in a forked manner, or their terminal ramifi- 
cations are thus divided (jig. 319). The leaves of Ferns are 
usually called fronds; this term being commonly applied to 
leaves or leaf-like structures which, like those of Ferns, bear 
the fructification. 
Such leaves are usually not articulated ; either sessile or 
stalked ; frequently toothed or incised in various ways ; often 
highly compound ; but never have stipules. 
CHAPTER 4. 
ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION IN THE PHANEROGAMIA. 
Unver the head of Organs of Reproduction we include the 
Flower and its Appendages. They are called reproductive organs 
because they have for their office the reproduction of plants by 
the formation of seed. Plants with conspicuous organs of re- 
production, as already noticed (page 11), are called Phanero- 
gamous or Flowering ; while those in which these parts are 
concealed or obscure, are termed Cryptogamous or Flowerless. 
