FORMS. AND INSERTION OF PEDUNCLE. 199 
in the Vallisneria (fig. 408) ; or become spiny, or transformed 
into a tendril; or it may be hollowed out at its apex, so 
as to form a cup-shaped body, to which the lower part of the 
calyx is attached, as in Eschscholtzia ; or other modifications 
may occur. 
In some cases the peduncle or pedicel becomes flattened and 
assumes the form of a phyllode, in which case it is termed 
foliaceous or phylloid ; or it is called a phylloclade or cladode. 
Examples of this occur in the Butcher’s Broom (jig. 409), 
where the flowers arise from its surface ; and in Xylophylla, in 
which the flowers are attached to its margins. Sometimes the 
peduncle, or several peduncles united, assume an irregular 
flattened appearance, somewhat resembling the fasciated branch 
Pie. 410. Binge 
Fig. 410. Peduncle of the Lime-tree (Tilia europea) attached to the bract, 
b.— Fig. 411. Branch of Woody Nightshade (Solanum Dulcamara), with 
extra-axillary peduncle, and auriculate leaf. 
already described (page 113), and bear numerous flowers in a 
sort of crest at their extremities, as in the Cockscomb ; and 
in the Cauliflower, where the united fleshy branches of the 
peduncle form a rounded mass bearing on its upper part abor- 
tive flowers. 
Insertion.—In speaking of the branches of a stem, we found 
that in some cases, instead of arising in the axil of leaves, they 
became extra-awillary (page 113) in consequence of adhesions of 
various kinds taking place between them and the stem and 
other parts. In like manner the peduncle may become eztra- 
axillary by contracting adhesions. Thus, in the Lime-tree (jig. 
410), the peduncle adheres to the midrib of the bract, b, for 
