r 
224 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CALYX. 
epidermis ; this is also frequently furnished on the lower or 
outer surface with stomata. and also occasionally with hairs, 
glands, or other appendages. From the duration of the sepals 
being usually more transitory than that of the foliage leaves, the 
veins which form their skeleton chiefly consist of spiral vessels, 
and are commonly arranged like those of the leaves in the two 
classes of plants respectively—that is, reticulated in Dicotyle- 
dons, and parallel in Monocotyledons. 
The sepals also exhibit various characters as regards their 
figure, margins, apex, &c., although they are by no means so 
Fia. 454. 
Fic. 455. Fic. 456. 
Fig. 454. Vertical section of the flower of the 
Rose. 7, 7. Concave thalamus, upon which 
are placed several carpels, 0, 0, each of which 
is furnished with a style and stigma, s. @, e. 
Stamens. ct. Tube of the calyx. cf, cf. Free 
portions of the calyx divided at their margins. 
Fig. 455. Calyx of Rumex uncatus, after 
Jussieu. ce. Outer divisions of the calyx 
which are entire. ci. Inner divisions with 
hooked teeth at their margins. g. Swelling 
on one of the inner divisions——fig. 456. 
Flower of Strawberry (fraga7ia) witha regu- 
lar polysepalous calyx surrounded by a whorl 
of leafy organs, to which the name of epicalyx 
or involucre is applied.—-—Fig. 457. Flower of 
Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus), with an irre- 
gular polysepalous calyx. The upper sepal is 
petaloid, and hooded or helmet-shaped. 
liable to the numerous variations in these particulars as the 
blades of foliage leaves exhibit. The terms used in defining 
these modifications are applied in the same sense as with the 
blades of leaves. 
Sepals are almost without exception destitute of a stalk, or, 
in other words, they are sessile upon the thalamus. They are 
also generally entire at their margins, although exceptions to 
this latter character occasionally occur : thus, in the Pzeony and 
Rose (figs. 454, cf, and 476, cf), the sepals are incised ; in many 
species of Dock they are toothed (fig. 455, ci) ; in Chamalawcvum 
