244 DURATION OF THE FILAMENT.—THE ANTHER. 
proved by the occasional production in some allied plants of one 
or more whorls of the floral envelopes at the point where the 
joint is situated. In the Pellitory (Parietaria), the filament 
assumes a spiral direction. 
Duration.—The filament usually falls off from the thalamus 
after the influence of the pollen has been communicated to the 
Fic. 509. Fie. 510. Fre, 51 
Fic. 512. 
b 
a B % 
Fig. 509. Gynoecium and andreecium of Crambe. The longer 
P filaments are forked. Fig. 510, A stamen of the Borage 
(Borago officinalis). jf. Filament. a. Curved appendage to 
the filament. 7. Anther.— Aig. 511. Corolla of Myosotis 
or Forget-me-not, laid open. There are five stamens with 
very short filaments attached to the corolla and included 
within its tube. Fig.512. Male flower of Euphorbia, con- 
sisting of a solitary stamen, 6, without any floral envelopes surrcunding 
it, hence it is said to be naked or achlamydeous, The anther is two- 
lobed, and the connective very small. a. Articulation, indicating the 
point of union of the true filament and peduncle, y.—Fig. 513. Trans- 
verse section of a young anther of Weoftia picta. From Schleiden. A, 
Back of the anther to which the connective is attached. B, B. The two 
lobes of the anther. a. Vascular bundle of the connective. 6. Epidermal 
layer or exothecium. c. Layer of fibrous cells which is commonly termed 
the endothecium, and which is the mesothecium of the anther in an 
earlier stage of development. d, d,d,d. The four loculi or cells of the 
anther. Each lobe is seen to be divided into two loculi by a septum or 
partition. 
carpel, or is deciduous ; but in rare cases, as in the species of 
Campanula, the filament is persistent, and remains attached to 
the ovary in a withered condition. 
2. Toe AntTHER.—Its Parts.—The different parts of which 
the anther is composed may be best seen by making a trans- 
verse section as shown in fig. 513. Thus here we observe two 
parallel lobes, B, B, separated by a portion, A, a, called the con- 
nective, to which the filament is attached. Each lobe is divided 
