290 MODIFICATIONS OF THE STIGMA. 
stigma (fig. 644, i), to which the term of indusiwm has been 
iven 
. 3. THE Stigma.—The stigma has been already described 
(page 271), as being connected with the placenta by means of 
the conducting tissue of the style ; hence it may be considered 
as a portion of the placenta prolonged upwards, but differing 
from it in not bearing ovules. If this be the proper view of 
the structure of the stigma, it must be regarded, like the 
placenta, as double, one half being formed by each margin of 
the carpellary leaf, and hence each simple pistil or carpel has 
necessarily two stigmas, the normal positions of which are lateral. 
In many Rosaceze, as in the Rose, the stigma is notched on the 
side corresponding to that from which the placenta arises, which 
is another proof of its double nature. 
The stigmas of a syncarpous pistil are generally opposite to 
the cells, and alternate with the dissepiments, but it sometimes 
happens, as in the Poppy (jig. 32, stv), that half the stigma of 
one carpel unites with a similar half of that of the adjoining 
carpel, and thus it becomes alternate with the cells, and oppo- 
site to the dissepiments, which are here, however, imperfect 
(fig. 623). ; ; ' 
The term stigma is only properly applied to that portion of 
the style which is destitute of epidermis, and which secretes the 
stigmatic fluid (page 271); but it is often improperly given to 
mere divisions of the style. Thus in the species of Iris (fig. 
643), the three petaloid portions of the style, sty, are by some 
botanists termed petaloid stigmas ; whereas the stigma, stig, is 
properly confined to a little transverse space near the apex of 
each division. In many plants of the natural order Legumi- 
nosx, such as Lathyrus (fig. 603, stig), the hairy part towards 
the summit of the style has been termed a stigma, but the latter 
is confined to the apex of that organ. In Labiate plants, also, 
the style divides above into two branches (jig. 609), and these 
have been called stigmas ; but the latter, as in the instances 
just alluded to, are confined to the apices of the divided portions 
of the style. 
We have already seen that the stigma may be separated from 
the ovary by the style (jigs. 582 to 584); or the latter organ 
may be absent, in which case the stigma is said to be sessile, as 
in the Barberry (fig. 585, st) and Poppy (fig. 32, sti). In Orchids 
the stigma is sessile on the gynostemium (fig. 595, x), and 
appears as a little cup-shaped viscid space just below the attach- 
ment of the pollen-masses. 
In a syncarpous pistil the stigmas may be either united to- 
gether as in the Primrose (fig. 582), or distinct as in the Campa- 
nula (fig. 507); in the latter case, instead of looking upon these 
separate parts as so many distinct stigmas, it is usual to describe 
them as if they were portions of but one ; thus we speak of the 
stigma as bifid, trifid, &c., or as bilobate, trilobate, &c., accord- 
ing to the number and character of its divisions. Thus the 
