296 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRUIT FROM THE OVARY. 
others might be alluded to, will show, that although the fruit 
consists essentially of the mature ovary or ovaries, enclosing the 
fertilised ovules or seeds, yet the term is also applied to what- 
ever is combined with the ovary, so as to form a covering to 
the seed or seeds. All fruits which are not formed entirely 
vut of the fertilised pistil, but which consist in part of other 
portions of the flower, peduncle, or other parts, are now com- 
monly termed spurious fruits or pseudocarps. 
Changes produced wm the Ovary im the course of its Develop- 
ment.—The fruit being essentially the ovary in a mature state, it 
should correspond with it in structure. This is the case generally, 
and we find the fruit therefore consisting of the same parts as 
the ovary, only in a modified condition ; thus, the walls of the 
ovary commonly alter in texture, and either become dry, mem- 
branous, coriaceous, woody, &c. ; or, on the contrary, more or 
less pulpy, fleshy, &c. 
At other times more important changes take place during the 
ripening of the ovary, which disguise the real structure of the 
fruit. These changes either arise from the addition, abortion, 
or alteration of parts. Thus, lst. The addition of parts is com- 
monly produced by the formation of the spurious dissepiments 
already alluded to. In Datwra Stramoniwm, for instance, we 
have a two-celled ovary converted into an imperfectly four-cell 
fruit by the formation of a spurious vertical dissepiment (figs. — 
616 and 617) ; this dissepiment appears to be formed by the pro-— 
jection of the placentas on the two sides which meet and be- 
come united to corresponding projections from the dorsal sutures. 
In Cassia Fistula, again (fig. 614), and some other fruits of a 
similar nature, we have a one-celled ovary converted into a 
many-celled fruit by the formation of a number of transverse 
dissepiments. In Pretrea zanguebarica, a one-celled ovary is 
converted into a six-celled fruit (fig. 658), by an extension and 
doubling inwards of the placenta. In Tribulus terrestris the 
ovary is five-celled ; but as it approaches to maturity, each cell 
( figs. 659 and 660) becomes divided into as many divisions as there 
are seeds contained within it, in consequence of a corresponding 
number of projections from its walls. Other examples of the 
formation of spurious dissepiments producing changes in the ovary 
have been already mentioned when speaking of these processes 
(see pages 277 and 278). 
2nd. Other alterations are produced by the abortion or ob- 
literation of parts, as the ovary ripens. Thus the ovary of the 
Oak and Hazel consists of three cells, each of which contains 
two ovules, but the fruit has only one cell and one seed, so that 
in the course of development five ovules and one cell have 
become obliterated. In the Birch we have an ovary with two 
cells, containing one ovule in each, but the fruit is one-celled 
and one-seeded, so that here one cell and one ovule have become 
obliterated. In the Ash, Horsechestnut, Elm, and many other 
