302 VALVULAR DEHISCENCE OF FRUITS. 
irregular manner by little pores. We have thus three kinds or 
classes of dehiscence, which are called respectively :—1l. Valvu- 
lar ; 2. Transverse or Cirewmscissile ; and 3. Porous. 
1. Vatvutar DeHiscENcE.—This may be either partial or 
complete ; thus, in Dianthus (fig. 664), Lychnis (fig. 663), 
and many other Caryophyllaceous plants, the dehiscence only 
Fic. 663. Fic. 664. Fia. 665. 
Fic. 668. 
Fic. 666. 
Fig. 663. Fruit of Lychnis——Fig. 664. Fruit of Dianthus— Fig. 665. Fruit 
of Mignonette (Reseda),—Fig. 666. Follicle of Columbine (Agquwilegia), 
dehiscing by ventral suture. Fig. 667. Follicles of Magnolia glauca, 
each dehiscing by its dorsal suture. The seeds are suspended from the 
fruits by long stalks or funiculi—RFig. 668. Legume of the Pea which 
has opened by both dorsal and ventral sutures; hence it is two-valved. 
c. Calyx. ep, Epicarp. pl. Placenta. ov. Seeds attached to the placenta by 
a funiculus or stalk, f. en. Endocarp. 
takes place at the upper part of the fruit, which then appears 
toothed, the number of teeth corresponding to that of the valves 
in complete dehiscence. A somewhat similar mode of partial 
dehiscence occurs in certain Saxifrages, and in the Mignonette 
( fig. 665); in the latter plant one large orifice may be observed 
at the summit of the fruit at an early stage of its growth, and 
long before the seeds are ripe. At other times the separation 
