KINDS OF FRUIT——SIMPLE FRUITS. * 509 
Poppy, in which a number of pores are placed beneath the 
peltate disc to which the stigmas are attached ; in the Antirrhi- 
num (fig. 626), where there are two or three orifices, one of 
which is situated near the summit of the upper cell or ovary, 
and the other (one or two) in the lower ; and in various species 
of Campanula (figs. 687, t, t, and 688). In the latter the calyx 
is adherent to the ovary, and the pores, which have a very 
irregular appearance at their margins, penetrate through the 
walls of the pericarp formed by the adherent calyx and ovary ; 
these pores correspond to the number of cells in the ovary, and 
are either situated at the sides (fig. 687, t, t), or towards the 
base (fig. 688). 
Kuinps oF Fruir.—A number of different kinds of fruit 
have been distinguished and named, and several classifications 
of the same have been proposed at various times, but at present 
there is little accordance amongst botanists upon this subject. 
This is much to be regretted, as there can be no doubt that 
a strictly definite phraseology of fruits, founded essentially 
upon the structure and position of the ovary, would be of great 
value in Descriptive Botany. The difficulties attending this 
subject have been also much increased by the same names 
having been given by authors to totally distinct kinds of fruits, 
and even to different classes of fruits. In a work like the 
present it would be impossible to describe all the kinds of 
fruits which have received names. At the same time, the 
subject is of too much importance to be hastily disposed of, 
and as much space as possible will be therefore devoted to its 
consideration. ‘The classification here adopted is founded upon 
that given many years since in Lindley’s Introduction to Botany, 
from which, however, it differs in some important particulars. 
We have taken the gyncecium as our guide, and have accord- 
ingly used the terms when applied to fruits in precisely the 
same sense as previously defined in its description. 
The leading divisions of the classificaticn here adopted are as 
follow :— 
1. Fruits formed by a Single Flower. 
a. Simple Fruits. 
b. Apocarpous Fruits. 
c. Syncarpous Fruits. 
2. Fruits formed by the combination of Several Flowers. 
1. FRUITS FORMED BY A SINGLE FLOWER. 
a. SIMPLE Fruits.—By a simple fruit, we mean one which is 
formed of a single mature carpel or ovary, and only one produced 
by a swmgle flower. By some botanists this term is used to 
signify all fruits, of whatever nature, which are the produce of 
a single flower; thus including the simple, apocarpous, and 
syncarpous fruits of our classification. We describe four kinds 
