314. CYNARRHODUM.—SYNCARPOUS FRUITS—CARYOPSIS. 
thalamus. Hence, in the Strawberry, the so-called seeds are in 
reality so many separate achznia, while the part to which the 
Strawberry owes its value as a fruit is the succulent thalamus. 
In the fruit of the Rose the achzenia, instead of being placed 
upon an elevated thalamus, as in the ordinary etzerio, are situ- 
ated upon a concave thalamus, to which the calyx is attached 
( fig. 454, 7, 7). This modification of the ordinary etzerio has been 
made a separate fruit by some botanists, to which the name of 
Cynarrhodum has been given. A similar kind of fruit also occurs 
Lae a) ere in Calycanthus. 
ioe i 27 In the Raspberry (fig. 
703) and Bramble, we have 
a kind of etzerio formed of 
a number of little drupes, 
or drupels as these small 
drupes are sometimes 
termed, crowded together 
upon a dry thalamus. The 
etzerio and its modifica- 
tions are placed by Lind- 
Fig. 702, Fruit of the Strawberry. Fig. 703. ley under a class of fruits 
Fruit (eterio) of the Raspberry (Rubus [deus). called by him aggregate 
fruits, the characters of 
which are ‘ Ovaria strictly simple; more than a single series 
produced by each flower.’ The term aggregate is also by some 
botanists applied to fruits which are the produce of several 
flowers. 
c. Syncarpous Fruits.— Under this head we include all fruits 
which are formed by the more or less complete combination of two 
or more mature carpels or ovaries, and where only one fruit is 
produced by a single flower. In the two former classes the fruits 
are formed of simple ovaries ; in this class from ovaries of a 
more or Jess compound nature. In describing these fruits we 
shall follow generally the classification of Lindley. Thus, in 
the first place, we arrange them, from their superior or inferior 
character, in two divisions ; and each of these divisions is again 
separated into others, derived from the dry or fleshy nature of 
the pericarp, and its dehiscent or indehiscent character. 
Division 1. Superior Syncarpous Fruits. 
ad. WITH A DRY INDEHISCENT PERICARP. 
1. The Caryopsis is a superior, one-celled, one-seeded, inde- 
hiscent fruit, with a thin dry membranous pericarp, completely 
and inseparably united with the seed (jigs. 704 and 705). This 
fruit resembles the achenium, but it is distinguished by the 
oomplete union which exists between the pericarp and the seed. 
