322 COLLECTIVE FRUITS—-CONE—GALBULUS. 
Multiple, Aggregate, and Collective fruits, and the two former 
terms have also been applied in a different sense, as mentioned 
under the head of Apocarpous fruits (pages 312 and 314). Some 
botanists also term them Infrutescences or Confluent fruits. 
Such fruits have been likewise termed polythalamic, to distinguish 
them from fruits formed by single flowers, which are called 
monothalamic. The following have received distinctive names :— 
1. The Cone is a more or less elongated fruit, composed of a 
number of indurated scales, each of which bears one or more 
naked seeds (fig. 730) on its inner surface. This fruit is seen 
in the Scotch Fir (fig. 724), Larch, Hemlock Spruce (jig. 
420), and a great many other plants of the order Conifere ; 
which derives its name from this circumstance. All plants also 
of the Cycas family which possess fruit have one of a similar 
structure, but here the seeds are more numerous and placed on 
the borders of the scales. There are two viewsas to the nature 
of the indurated scales : thus, by some botanists they are regarded 
as carpels spread open, each representing a female flower ; by 
Fic. 724, 
1G. 725; Fre: 726, Fig. 727. 
Fig. 724. Cone or fruit of the Scotch Fir. 
Fig. 725. Galbulus or fruit of 
the Juniper (Juniperus communis ).—Fig. 726. Galbulus or fruit of the 
Cypress (Cupressus semp2rvirens ). Fig. 727. Sphalerocarpium or fruit 
of Fe Yew ( Taxus baccata), surrounded by bracts at the base, 
others, as bracts. They certainly more resemble the latter 
organs in appearance, as they never present any trace of style 
or stigma on their surface. Other botanists (see page 204) regard 
the cone as the spurious fruit or pseudocarp of a single flower, 
and not as a collection of fruits, as here described. Some again 
make no distinction between a cone and a Strobilus (see Strobilus), 
2. The Galbulus.—This fruit is but a modification of the Cone ; 
differing only in being more or less rounded in form instead of 
somewhat conical, and in having the heads of the scales much 
enlarged. Itis seen in the Cypress (jig. 726), and in the Juniper 
(fig. 725). In the latter the scales become fleshy, and are united 
tovether into one mass, so that it somewhat resembles at first 
sight a berry, bat its nature is at once seen by examining the 
apex, when three radiating lines will be observed corresponding 
