SPHALEROCARPIUM—S&TROBILUS—SOROSIS, 325 
to the three fleshy scales of which the fruit is formed, and which 
are here but imperfectly united. 
No other kind of fruits except the Cone and alii are 
found in the natural orders Coniferze and Cycadacee. 
In the Yew (Taxus baccata) (fig. 727) and other plants 
belonging to the Taxaceze, an order closely allied to the Coni- 
ferze and Cycadacezx, the so-called fruit is in reality not a fruit 
at all, as it consists simply, as demonstrated by Sir Joseph 
Hooker, of a naked seed, surrounded, except at the apex, by 
a fleshy cup or aril. This so-called fruit has been termed a 
Sphalerocarpium. _ Properly speaking, even if regarded as a 
fruit, it does not belong to the class of Collective fruits at all, 
as it is formed of but a single flower. We have placed it here, 
following Lindley’s arrangement, and because, like the two 
preceding fruits, its essential character consists in its naked 
seed. Some other fruits are, however, included by Lindley and 
others with this under the name of Sphalerocarpium. 
The Cone must be carefully distinguished from Cone-like 
fruits, such as those of the Magnolia (fig. 667) and Liriodendron. 
“ne latter are not collective fruits at all, but they consist of 
the mature carpels or follicles of a single flower, placed upon 
an elongated thalamus. 
3. The Strobilus or Strobile.-—The fruit of the Hop (Humulus 
Lupulus) (fig. 421) is by some botanists considered as a kind of 
Cone with membranous scales, to which the name of Strobilus 
or Strobile has been given ; but the strobile differs essentially 
from the cone, in having its seed distinctly enclosed in a carpel 
placed at the base of each scale. We distinguish this fruit, 
therefore, as a distinct kind, 
under the above name. It Fic. 728, Fig, 729. 
should also be noticed that the 
term Strobilus is frequently 
employed as synonymous with 
Cone. 
4. The Sorosis is a collective 
fruit, formed of a number of 
separate flowers firmly coherent 
into a fleshy or pulpy mass with 
the floral axis upon which they 
are situated. Examples of this 
may be seen in the Pineapple Jig. 728. Sorosis or fruit of the Mul- 
berry (Morus nigra). Fig. 729. 
(fig. 292), where each Be Uare Fruit (eterio) of the Raspberry (Rubus 
portion represents a flower; and = deus). 
the whole is surmounted by a 
crown of empty bracts. The Bread-fruit and Jack-fruit are 
other examples of the sorosis. The Mulberry (fig. 728) may 
be also cited as another well-known fruit, which presents an 
example of the sorosis. At first sight, the Mulberry appears 
to resemble the Raspberry (jig. 729), Blackberry, and other 
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