408 NOMENCLATURE OF CLASSES AND SUB-KINGDOMS. 
System of Linneus are chiefly derived from the various charac- 
ters of the gyncecium and fruit. Those of Natural Systems are 
usually taken from some well-known genus which is included 
in any particular order, and which may be regarded as the type 
of that order. Thus, the genus Ranunculus gives the name 
Ranunewlacex to the order to which it belongs; the ‘genera 
Papaver, Malva, Hypericum, Geranium, Rosa, Liliwm, Orchis, 
and Jris, in like manner, give names respectively to the orders 
Papareracex, Malvacex, Hypericacex, Geraniacee, Rosacex, Lili- 
acex, Orchidacex, and Iridacex. At other times the names of the 
orders are derived from some characteristic feature which the 
plants included in them present. Thus, the order Crucifere is 
so named because its plants have cruciate corollas ; the order 
Leguminose comprises plants whose fruit is a legume ; the 
Umbellifere are umbel-bearing plants; the Labiatey have a 
labiate corolla ; the Conifere are cone-bearing plants ; and so on. 
d. Classes. —The names of the classes are derived from 
some important and permanent characters which the plants 
comprised in them possess, relating either to their structure or 
mode of development. Such names vary, however, according 
to the views of different systematic botanists. Those which 
have been more commonly used in this country are, Acotyledones, 
Monocotyledones, and Dicotyledones—terms which are derived 
from the structure and characters of the reproductive bodies 
in the three classes respectively. Others, also in common use, 
are derived from the mode of development and structure of the 
stem: such are Exogens, Endogens, and Acrogens. The above 
names are used especially in Natural Systems of Classification ; 
while the names of classes in the Artificial System of Linnzeus 
are derived chiefly from the number and other characters pre- 
sented by the andrcecium. 
e. Sub-kingdoms, Divisions, dc.—The names of these are 
generally derived from the presence or otherwise of evident 
flowers or reproductive organs, as those of Phanerogama and 
Cryptogamia. The names of Cotyledones and Acotyledones, in- 
dicating the presence or absence of an embryo, have been 
also in common use. Others, again, have been employed, 
having reference to their elementary structure, as Vasculares 
and Cellulares; or to the presence or absence of a stem, as 
Cormophyta and Thallophyta. The other sub-divisions are 
variously named according to the views of different botanists. 
3. ABBREVIATIONS AND SymBots.—It is usual in botanical 
works to use certain abbreviations and symbols. A few of the 
more important need alone be mentioned here. 
a. Abbreviations. —The names of authors, when of more than 
one syllable, are commonly abbreviated by writing the first 
letter or syllable, &c., as follows :— 
L. or Linn. means Linneeus ; Juss. is the abbreviation for 
Jussieu; DC. or De Cand. for De Candolle; Br. for Brown ; 
