ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS. 409 
Lindl. for Lindley ; Rich. for Richard ; Willd. for Willdenow ; 
Hook. for Hooker ; With. for Withering ; Endl. for Endlicher ; 
Bab. for Babington ; Berk. for Berkley, &c., &c. 
It is common to put such abridged names after that of the 
genus or species which has been described by them respectively. 
Thus Hriocaulon, L. indicates that the genus Hriocaulon was 
first described by Linnzus ; Miltonia, Lindl. is the genus Mil- 
tonia as defined by Lindley ; Nuphar pumila, DC. is the species 
of Nuphar defined by De Candolle, &c., Kc. 
Other abbreviations in common use are Rad. for root ; Caul. 
for stem ; Fl. for flower ; Cal. for calyx ; Cor. for corolla ; Per. 
for perianth ; Fr. for fruit ; Ord. for order ; Gen. for genus ; Sp. 
or Spec. for species ; Var. for variety ; Hab. for habitat ; Herb. 
for herbarium, &c. Again— 
V. v. c. (Vidi vivam cultam) indicates that the author has seen 
a living cultivated plant as described by him. 
V. v. s. (Vidi vivam spontaneam) indicates that the author has 
seen a living wild plant. 
V.s. c. (Vidi siccam cultam) indicates that a dried specimen of 
the cultivated plant has been examined. 
V.s.s. (Vidi siccam spontaneam) indicates that a dried speci- 
men of the wild plant has been examined. 
b. Symbols.—The mcre important symbols are as follow :— 
©, O, @, or A, signifies an annual plant. 
© ©, (), or B, means a biennial plant. 
Y, A, or P, signifies a perennial. 
hh or Sh. means a shrub. 
T signifies a tree. 
( twining to the right ; ) twining to the left. 
& a staminate flower. 
2 a pistillate flower. 
© an hermaphrodite flower. 
& - @ amoneecious plant. 
& : @ a diccious species. 
OS & @ a polygamous species. 
© = signifies that the cotyledons are accumbent, and the 
radicle lateral. 
© || Cotyledons incumbent, radicle dorsal. 
O > Cotyledons conduplicate, radicle dorsal. 
© || || Cotyledons twice folded, radicle dorsal. 
© || || || Cotyledons three times folded, radicle dorsal. 
? The note of interrogation is used to indicate doubt or uncer- 
tainty as to the genus, species, locality, &c. 
! The note of exclamation indicates certainty in the above par- 
ticulars. 
* The asterisk indicates that a good description is to be found 
at the reference to which it is appended. 
