ENDLICHER’S NATURAL SYSTEM. 419 
Sub-kingdom 2. CELLULARES, oR ACOTYLEDONES. 
. Having leaf-li i 
Sub-class 1. Folios 2 ke expansions, 
and known sexes. 
Having no leaf-like expan- 
sions, and no known sexes. 
2. Aphylle 
Under these sub-classes De Candolle arranged 161 Natural 
Orders. The enumeration of these is unnecessary in an ele- 
mentary volume ; we shall content ourselves with mentioning a 
few only, as examples of the different groups. Thus, as exam- 
ples of Thalamiflore—Cruciferze, Caryophyllez, and Malvacee ; 
of Calycifore—Rosacez, Umbelliferze, and Composite ; of Corol- 
liflore—Convolvulaceze, Solanez, and Labiatz ; of Moncchla- 
mydex—Polygonez, Urticeze, and Amentacez ; of Phaneroqame 
—Orchidez, Irider, and Graminez ; of Cryptogamx—Filices, 
Equisetaceze, and Lycopodinez ; of Foliose—Musci and Hepa- 
ticee ; and of Aphylle—Lichenes, Fungi, and Algze. 
In this system it will be observed that De Candolle adopted 
the primary divisions of Jussieu, but he reversed the order of 
their arrangement ; for instead of commencing with Acotyle- 
dons, and passing through Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons, he 
began with the latter, and proceeded by the Monocotyledons to 
Acotyledons. 
Since the appearance of De Candolle’s system numerous 
other arrangements have been proposed by botanists, as those 
of Agardh, Perleb, Dumortier, Bartling, Lindley, Schultz, 
Endlicher, and many others. As all these systems, with the 
exception of those of Lindley and Endlicher, were never much 
used, and are not adopted in great systematic works of the 
present day, it will be unnecessary for us to allude to them 
further. But the latter baving been used in important syste- 
matic works, it will be advisable for us to give a general sketch 
of their leading characters. 
ENDLICHER’s NATURAL SysteM.—The system of Endlicher is 
adopted in his ‘Genera Plantarum,’ published between the years 
1836-1840. The following is a sketch of this system. He first 
divided plants into two great divisions, which he denominated 
Regions, and named Thallophyta and Cormophyta. These were 
again divided into Sections and Cohorts, as follows :— | 
Region 1. THattopHyta. Plants with no opposition of stem 
and root; with no vessels and no sexual organs ; 
and with germinating spores lengthening in all 
directions. 
Section 1. Protophyta. Plants developed without soil ; draw- 
ing nourishment from the element in which 
they grow ; and having a vague fructification ; 
as in Algze and Lichenes. 
EE 2 
