NATURAL SYSTEM OF THIS MANUAL. “425 
For full particulars in reference to this system, reference 
should be made to Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plantarum,’ 
and to the English translation of Le Maout and Decaisne’s 
‘Traité Général de Botanique,’ edited by Sir J. D. Hooker. 
The essential characters of the various divisions are also de- 
scribed below under the head of ‘ Natural System adopted in this 
‘Manual,’ and in the chapter describing the ‘ Arrangement, 
Characters, &c., of the Natural Orders.’ 
Besides the above systems, others are now much used in 
Germany, as those of A. Braun and Caruel of the Phanero- 
gamia ; and those of Sachs and others of the Cryptogamia. 
NATURAL SYSTEM ADOPTED IN THIS Manvau.—The natural 
arrangement adopted in this volume, which is founded, so far 
as the Phanerogamia are concerned, upon the systems of De 
Candolle and Bentham and Hooker,—that of De Candolle being 
the basis, is as follows :— 
The Vegetable Kingdom is first divided into two sub-king- 
doms, namely :—Phanerogamia or Flowering Plants; and Crypto- 
gamia or Flowerless Plants. 
Sub-kingdom 1. Phanerogamia or Flowering Plants.—This 
includes plants which have evident flowers; and which are 
reproduced by seeds containing an embryo with one or more 
cotyledons. 
Sub-kingdom 2. Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants.—This 
includes those plants which have no flowers ; and which are re- 
produced by minute bodies termed spores, which have no embryo. 
SuUB-KINGDOM J. PHANEROGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS. 
These are divided as follows :— 
Division I. Angiospermia, in which the ovules are distinctly 
enclosed in an ovary ; and are fertilised indirectly 
by the action of the pollen on the stigma. 
Endosperm formed after fertilisation. It is 
divided thus :— 
Class 1. DicoryLepoNEs, in which the embryo is dicotyle- 
donous ; the germination exorhizal; the stem ex- 
ogenous ; the leaves with a reticulated venation ; 
and the flowers commonly with a quinary or qua- 
ternary arrangement. In this class we have three 
sub-classes. 
Sub-class 1. PotypetTan#, with usually bisexual flowers, 
which are commonly furnished with a calyx 
and corolla, and the latter composed of dis- 
tinct petals. This is divided imto three 
series as follows :— 
Series 1. Thalamiflorze, that is, plants, the flowers of 
which have usually the calyx, corolla, and 
stamens distinct from one another ; ovary 
superior ; and the stamens hypogynous. 
